WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
1. Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream?: Oncotic
2. Oncotic: a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
3. In the blood, is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure: albumin
4. controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume: Albu- min
5. One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity: Pos- sible answer: naive T
cells
6. Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult patients
more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection Older adult patients have
a dwindling population of naive T cells Older adult patients have more memory cells to
combat infection Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells: Younger patients have fewer memory
cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that they
have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune re- sponse is relatively weak compar
to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When these
patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal selection
fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
7. Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by , which regulates ac- tions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.: osmoreceptors
8. Fluid deficit causes: -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
9. Fluid deficit risk factors: -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
10.Fluid deficit manifestations: -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
11.ROME for ABGs: Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
12.Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to main- tain a blood pH of :
7.35-7.45
13.A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis: Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This indicates
metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to
compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
14.To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body uti- lizes 3 buffer
systems:: proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
15.Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is , second
line of defense is : respirations; kidneys
16.Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation: The equation mo directions ves in
17.CABS Equation: both
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves , forming more H+
and HCO3- ions: toward the right
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
18.CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves , as H+ ions are convert- ed to
CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled.: toward the left
19.CO2 levels: 35-45
20.HCO3 levels: 22-26
21.Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal
metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream,
K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind
to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream: His CO2
level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
22.There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation: Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 =
respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention Respiratory
acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
23.What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload?: Natriuretic peptides
24.Natriuretic peptides: hormonal signals released by the brain and heart in response to
excess fluid in the body
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
25.Natriuretic peptides signals urine output and fluid volume: in-
crease; reduce
26.A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to
reduce the fluid overload?: BNP - it's released when fluid volume excess is present
27.Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste
-3x a week for hours in a clinic
-acute kidney failure
Peritoneal:
-no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and waste products diffuse into cavity then drained
-continuous filtration and less disruption but requires some training
-not for overweight or severe kidney failure patients
28.Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a , and puts blood back into
body through a : PIV; central line
29.*NOTE* there are several questions about signs and symptoms of different electrolyte imbalances:
30.Sodium levels: 135-145
31.Hyponatremia causes: Vomiting
Diuretics
Excessive administration of dextrose and water IVs Burns,
wound drainage
Excessive water intake
SIADH
32.Hyponatremia manifestations: poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, de- creased
salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal cramping, neu- rologic changes,
lethargy, confusion, seizures
33.Hypernatremia causes: excess water loss, excess sodium administration, dia- betes
insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
34.Hypernatremia manifestations: thirst; elevated temperature; dry, swollen tongue; sticky
mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; weakness
35.Potassium levels: 3.5-5
36.Potassium is essential for what?: transmission and conduction of nerve im- pulses, normal
cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction (heart)
37.Hypokalemia causes: B.A.D. L.O.A.D.
B-arters/Conns syndrome(hyperaldosteronism)
1. Pressure that is due to albumin in the bloodstream?: Oncotic
2. Oncotic: a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins
3. In the blood, is the most common plasma protein and is, therefore, a primary
determinant of oncotic pressure: albumin
4. controls osmotic pressure in vascular system, builds volume: Albu- min
5. One question was about the difference in children and adult immunity: Pos- sible answer: naive T
cells
6. Learning check question: Which differences in immunity make children and older adult patients
more susceptible to infections? Choose 2 answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to combat infection Older adult patients have
a dwindling population of naive T cells Older adult patients have more memory cells to
combat infection Younger patients have a large population of naive T cells
Older adult patients have a large population of naive T cells: Younger patients have fewer memory
cells to combat infection
Older adult patients have a dwindling population of naive T cells
Rationale: younger patients have not been exposed to many pathogens, which means that they
have fewer memory cells than adults. The primary immune re- sponse is relatively weak compar
to a secondary response mediated by memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells compared to younger patients. When these
patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced number of naive T cells gives clonal selection
fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be effective.
7. Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by , which regulates ac- tions
such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS.: osmoreceptors
8. Fluid deficit causes: -Excessive loss
-Inadequate intake
-Or combination of both
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
9. Fluid deficit risk factors: -Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
-Insufficient water intake
10.Fluid deficit manifestations: -dry mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output
-low blood pressure
-tachycardia
-confusion
11.ROME for ABGs: Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature
If they are moving the same direction then it is metabolic in nature
12.Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory compensation help to main- tain a blood pH of :
7.35-7.45
13.A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis: Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both elevating (moving in the same direction). This indicates
metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to
compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2
14.To prevent changes in pH, the body employs buffer systems. The body uti- lizes 3 buffer
systems:: proteins, phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
15.Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of defense is , second
line of defense is : respirations; kidneys
16.Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation: The equation mo directions ves in
17.CABS Equation: both
When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation moves , forming more H+
and HCO3- ions: toward the right
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
18.CABS Equation:
When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves , as H+ ions are convert- ed to
CO2 and the CO2 is exhaled.: toward the left
19.CO2 levels: 35-45
20.HCO3 levels: 22-26
21.Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal
metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream,
K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind
to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream: His CO2
level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia.
22.There is a question about hypoventilation or hyperventilation: Metabolic acidosis pH <7.35 =
respirations increase in depth and rate to blow off CO2
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow down to increase CO2 retention Respiratory
acidosis = excess CO2 has accumulated which is generating H+
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much CO2, creating less H+ in blood
23.What is excreted in response to fluid volume overload?: Natriuretic peptides
24.Natriuretic peptides: hormonal signals released by the brain and heart in response to
excess fluid in the body
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide
25.Natriuretic peptides signals urine output and fluid volume: in-
crease; reduce
26.A hormonal panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to
reduce the fluid overload?: BNP - it's released when fluid volume excess is present
27.Compare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters waste
-3x a week for hours in a clinic
-acute kidney failure
Peritoneal:
-no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and waste products diffuse into cavity then drained
-continuous filtration and less disruption but requires some training
-not for overweight or severe kidney failure patients
28.Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a , and puts blood back into
body through a : PIV; central line
29.*NOTE* there are several questions about signs and symptoms of different electrolyte imbalances:
30.Sodium levels: 135-145
31.Hyponatremia causes: Vomiting
Diuretics
Excessive administration of dextrose and water IVs Burns,
wound drainage
Excessive water intake
SIADH
32.Hyponatremia manifestations: poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache, de- creased
salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal cramping, neu- rologic changes,
lethargy, confusion, seizures
33.Hypernatremia causes: excess water loss, excess sodium administration, dia- betes
insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
34.Hypernatremia manifestations: thirst; elevated temperature; dry, swollen tongue; sticky
mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; weakness
35.Potassium levels: 3.5-5
36.Potassium is essential for what?: transmission and conduction of nerve im- pulses, normal
cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction (heart)
37.Hypokalemia causes: B.A.D. L.O.A.D.
B-arters/Conns syndrome(hyperaldosteronism)
