STUDENTS SUCCESS
Revision Examination Tests
“Come all for this greatness”
...100% Correct Ans...
ECS1501 ASSIGNMENT 10 SEMESTER 2 2024/2025 - DISTINCTION
GUARANTEED 100%
Learning
ans:> Learning is a relatively enduring change in the potential to engage
in a particular behavior resulting from experience with environmental
events specifically related to that behavior.
-Learning is a pervasive feature of human behavior and is evident in
non-human animals as well.
Forms of behavior change
ans:> Fatigue,
Motivation,
Stimulus change,
Maturation, &
Evolution.
Fatigue
ans:> Learning is relatively long lasting.
- The assumption is that once something is learned, it will be
remembered for a substantial period of time.
-- "enduring change"
Maturation
ans:> Behavior changes due to learning are more limited to the
practiced response.
Evolution
ans:> Learning, in contrast, involves changes in behavior during an
individual's own lifetime.
Two Major Learning Theories
ans:> Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning
,ans:> It is a type of learning that involves establishing an association
between two stimuli or events: the CS (bell) and the US (food).
For two stimuli or events to become associated with one another, they
have to be related to each other in some way.
Extinction:
- If a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned
stimulus, then extinction of the response will occur.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Unconditioned stimulus
ans:> - a stimulus such as food that elicits the response of interest
without prior training (food).
Unconditioned response
ans:> - response of interest (salivation).
Conditioned stimulus
ans:> - stimulus such as a bell that elicits the response of interest due to
prior training (bell).
Conditioned response
ans:> - the response that develops to the conditioned stimulus
(conditioned salivation).
Ivan Pavlov
ans:> Won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work in physiology (on
digestion).
During his work on the physiology of the digestive system, Pavlov
discovered the conditioned reflex.
- Noted that objects or events associated with presentation of food also
produced gastric secretions.
-- Referred to these as "conditional" because they depended on
something else.
Pavlov had a low opinion of psychology.
- He thought the study of consciousness should be studied using
scientifically based methods.
Believed that by showing the physiological underpinnings of association,
he had put associationism on an objective footing.
John B. Watson
, ans:> In 1913, he presented his famous lecture "Psychology as a
Behaviorist Views It," where he laid out the basic tenets of behaviorism,
which included:
- Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.
Market research
ans:> Watson became a pioneer in market research.
Found that blindfolded smokers could not differentiate among different
brands of cigarettes.
- Because preference must be based on images associated with various
brand names, Watson concluded that sales could be influenced by
manipulating the images associated with brand names.
- His strategy improved sales of Johnson's baby powder, Maxwell House
coffee, etc.
Used product endorsements from celebrities to build associations in a
way analogous to Pavlovian conditioning.
Types of CS
ans:> Not all stimuli can be effectively used as a conditioned stimulus.
CS-US relevance (to the subject) matters.
- Pigeons tend to locate food by sight and are therefore especially
attentive to visual cues when their feeding system has been activated.
This makes visual cues especially effective.
- Rats do not easily learn an aversion to a taste cue paired with shock
(Garcia & Koelling, 1966).
-- Such learning can occur, but it is more difficult to bring about and
requires special procedures.
Temporal relations
ans:> The temporal relation between the CS and US also matters. The
development of conditioned responding is highly sensitive to the
temporal relation between the CS and the US.
- The time the stimuli occur relative to each other.
- Simultaneous conditioning
- Delayed conditioning
- Trace conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
ans:> - the presentation of the conditioned and an unconditioned
stimulus at the same time.
Delayed conditioning
ans:> - the unconditioned stimulus is delayed after the presentation of
the CS.
Trace conditioning
Revision Examination Tests
“Come all for this greatness”
...100% Correct Ans...
ECS1501 ASSIGNMENT 10 SEMESTER 2 2024/2025 - DISTINCTION
GUARANTEED 100%
Learning
ans:> Learning is a relatively enduring change in the potential to engage
in a particular behavior resulting from experience with environmental
events specifically related to that behavior.
-Learning is a pervasive feature of human behavior and is evident in
non-human animals as well.
Forms of behavior change
ans:> Fatigue,
Motivation,
Stimulus change,
Maturation, &
Evolution.
Fatigue
ans:> Learning is relatively long lasting.
- The assumption is that once something is learned, it will be
remembered for a substantial period of time.
-- "enduring change"
Maturation
ans:> Behavior changes due to learning are more limited to the
practiced response.
Evolution
ans:> Learning, in contrast, involves changes in behavior during an
individual's own lifetime.
Two Major Learning Theories
ans:> Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Pavlovian/Classical Conditioning
,ans:> It is a type of learning that involves establishing an association
between two stimuli or events: the CS (bell) and the US (food).
For two stimuli or events to become associated with one another, they
have to be related to each other in some way.
Extinction:
- If a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned
stimulus, then extinction of the response will occur.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Unconditioned stimulus
ans:> - a stimulus such as food that elicits the response of interest
without prior training (food).
Unconditioned response
ans:> - response of interest (salivation).
Conditioned stimulus
ans:> - stimulus such as a bell that elicits the response of interest due to
prior training (bell).
Conditioned response
ans:> - the response that develops to the conditioned stimulus
(conditioned salivation).
Ivan Pavlov
ans:> Won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work in physiology (on
digestion).
During his work on the physiology of the digestive system, Pavlov
discovered the conditioned reflex.
- Noted that objects or events associated with presentation of food also
produced gastric secretions.
-- Referred to these as "conditional" because they depended on
something else.
Pavlov had a low opinion of psychology.
- He thought the study of consciousness should be studied using
scientifically based methods.
Believed that by showing the physiological underpinnings of association,
he had put associationism on an objective footing.
John B. Watson
, ans:> In 1913, he presented his famous lecture "Psychology as a
Behaviorist Views It," where he laid out the basic tenets of behaviorism,
which included:
- Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.
Market research
ans:> Watson became a pioneer in market research.
Found that blindfolded smokers could not differentiate among different
brands of cigarettes.
- Because preference must be based on images associated with various
brand names, Watson concluded that sales could be influenced by
manipulating the images associated with brand names.
- His strategy improved sales of Johnson's baby powder, Maxwell House
coffee, etc.
Used product endorsements from celebrities to build associations in a
way analogous to Pavlovian conditioning.
Types of CS
ans:> Not all stimuli can be effectively used as a conditioned stimulus.
CS-US relevance (to the subject) matters.
- Pigeons tend to locate food by sight and are therefore especially
attentive to visual cues when their feeding system has been activated.
This makes visual cues especially effective.
- Rats do not easily learn an aversion to a taste cue paired with shock
(Garcia & Koelling, 1966).
-- Such learning can occur, but it is more difficult to bring about and
requires special procedures.
Temporal relations
ans:> The temporal relation between the CS and US also matters. The
development of conditioned responding is highly sensitive to the
temporal relation between the CS and the US.
- The time the stimuli occur relative to each other.
- Simultaneous conditioning
- Delayed conditioning
- Trace conditioning
Simultaneous conditioning
ans:> - the presentation of the conditioned and an unconditioned
stimulus at the same time.
Delayed conditioning
ans:> - the unconditioned stimulus is delayed after the presentation of
the CS.
Trace conditioning
