STUDENTS SUCCESS
Revision Examination Tests
“Come all for this greatness”
...100% Correct Ans...
ECS1501, UNISA EXAM 2019 STUDY PREPARATION BUNDLE
2024/2025 - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED 100%
Jean Piaget
ans:> theorist who said that children must be given tasks appropriate to
their learning development; go through four stages of thinking that help
them see and learn about the world; developed schemas (the things a
child already knows, add new knowledge to this as time goes on) and
constructivism (children learn by doing rather than being told)
JP - sensorimotor stage
ans:> first stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; infant explores the
world through direct sensory and motor contact, object permanence and
separation anxiety are developed during this stage (0-2 years)
JP - preoperational stage
ans:> second stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child uses
symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason
logically; has ability to pretend; child is egocentric (child begins to speak-
6/7 years)
JP - concrete operational stage
ans:> third stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child can think
logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract; also
understands observation; (first grade-early adolescence)
JP - formal operational stage
ans:> fourth stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; adolescent can
reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms (adolescence)
Lev Vygotsky
ans:> theorist who said that children should be given the opportunity to
for frequent social interaction (social contact is essential to intellectual
development); developed the concept of ZPD (zone of proximal
,development) - area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance
should be given - allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on
their own - developing higher mental functions
also developed scaffolding - changing the level of support to meet the
ability of the child
Erik Erikson
ans:> theorist who said that parents and other caregivers must be aware
of and sensitive to children's needs at each stage of development and
support them through crises; if crisis is met in a positive way, then the
individual develops maturity
EE- Trust vs Mistrust
ans:> first stage in Erikson's development; important event: feeding;
children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide a sense of
reliability, care, and attention (birth-18 months)
EE - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
ans:> second stage in Erikson's development; important event: toilet
training; children need to develop a sense of personal control over
physical skills and a sense of independence (2-3 years)
EE - Initiative vs Guilt
ans:> third stage in Erikson's development; important event: exploration;
children need to begin asserting control and power over the
environment; success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose; children
who exert too much power experience disapproval (3-5 years)
B.F. Skinner
ans:> theorist who said that parents and caregivers can affect a child's
behavior through the use of positive and negative feedback (rewards
and punishments); child's action repeatedly brings positive effects =
repeated and learned; child's action brings negative results = child will
eventually stop action
Albert Bandura
ans:> theorist who said that parents must provide good examples for
children to follow; children learn by modeling; disagreed with Skinner;
environment does shape the behavior but behavior also shapes the
environment
Jerome Bruner
,ans:> developed the term spiral curriculum in which children can tackle
challenges in age appropriate ways; topics can be revisited year after
year
Benjamin Bloom
ans:> created Bloom's taxonomy which are a hierarchy of learning
objectives starting with knowledge and growing in complexity to
evaluation
Howard Gardner
ans:> created the Multiple Intelligences theory which means that
humans have several different ways of processing information - musical,
visual, verbal, logical, etc
Urie Brofenbrenner
ans:> theorist who said that children's primary relationship with
caregiver needs to be stable, loving, and lasting; environment affects
development
Maria Montessori
ans:> theorist who stressed that children learn by using their senses and
learn best by pursuing their interests; children need to be given objects
to manipulate so they can exercise their sensory learning
Unoccupied play
ans:> early months of infancy; from birth to about three months; children
seem to be making random movements with no clear purpose, but this is
the initial form of playing
Solitary play
ans:> From three to 18 months; children are very busy with play and
they may not seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby;
begins in infancy and is common in toddlers. This is because of toddlers'
limited social, cognitive,
and physical skills
Onlooker play
ans:> happens most often during the toddler years. This is where the
child watches other children play. Children are learning how to relate to
others
and learning language. Although children may ask questions of other
children, there is no effort to join the play. This type of play usually starts
during toddler years but can take place at any age.
, Parallel play
ans:> From the age of 18 months to two years,
children begin to play alongside other children without any interaction;
provides toddler with opportunities for role-playing such as
dressing up and pretending. It also helps children gain the
understanding of the idea of property right such as "mine." They begin to
show their need of being with other children their own age; usually found
with toddlers, although it happens in any age group.
Associative play
ans:> three - four years of age; they become more interested in other
children than the toys' started to socialize with other children. This play is
sometimes referred to as "loosely organized play."; helps preschooler
learn the do's and don'ts of getting along with others; teaches the art of
sharing, encourages language development, problem-solving skills and
cooperation; groups of children have similar goals. They do not set rules,
although they all want to be playing with the same types of toys and may
even trade toys. There is no formal organization.
Social play
ans:> Children around the age of three are
beginning to socialize with other children. By interacting with other
children in play settings, your child learns social rules such as give and
take and cooperation. Children are able to share toys and ideas. They
are beginning to learn to use moral reasoning to develop a sense of
values. To be
prepared to function in the adult world, children need to experience a
variety of social situations.
Motor - physical play
ans:> When children run, jump, and
play games such as hide and seek and tag they engage in physical play.
Physical play offers a chance for children to exercise and develop
muscle strength. Physically playing with
your child teaches social skills while enjoying good exercise. Your child
will learn to take turns and accept winning or losing
Constructive play
ans:> children create things in this type of play; starts in infancy and
becomes more complex as your child grows. This type of play starts with
your baby putting things in his/her mouth to see how
Revision Examination Tests
“Come all for this greatness”
...100% Correct Ans...
ECS1501, UNISA EXAM 2019 STUDY PREPARATION BUNDLE
2024/2025 - DISTINCTION GUARANTEED 100%
Jean Piaget
ans:> theorist who said that children must be given tasks appropriate to
their learning development; go through four stages of thinking that help
them see and learn about the world; developed schemas (the things a
child already knows, add new knowledge to this as time goes on) and
constructivism (children learn by doing rather than being told)
JP - sensorimotor stage
ans:> first stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; infant explores the
world through direct sensory and motor contact, object permanence and
separation anxiety are developed during this stage (0-2 years)
JP - preoperational stage
ans:> second stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child uses
symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason
logically; has ability to pretend; child is egocentric (child begins to speak-
6/7 years)
JP - concrete operational stage
ans:> third stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; child can think
logically about concrete objects and can thus add and subtract; also
understands observation; (first grade-early adolescence)
JP - formal operational stage
ans:> fourth stage in Piaget's four stages of thinking; adolescent can
reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms (adolescence)
Lev Vygotsky
ans:> theorist who said that children should be given the opportunity to
for frequent social interaction (social contact is essential to intellectual
development); developed the concept of ZPD (zone of proximal
,development) - area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance
should be given - allowing the child to develop skills they will then use on
their own - developing higher mental functions
also developed scaffolding - changing the level of support to meet the
ability of the child
Erik Erikson
ans:> theorist who said that parents and other caregivers must be aware
of and sensitive to children's needs at each stage of development and
support them through crises; if crisis is met in a positive way, then the
individual develops maturity
EE- Trust vs Mistrust
ans:> first stage in Erikson's development; important event: feeding;
children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide a sense of
reliability, care, and attention (birth-18 months)
EE - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
ans:> second stage in Erikson's development; important event: toilet
training; children need to develop a sense of personal control over
physical skills and a sense of independence (2-3 years)
EE - Initiative vs Guilt
ans:> third stage in Erikson's development; important event: exploration;
children need to begin asserting control and power over the
environment; success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose; children
who exert too much power experience disapproval (3-5 years)
B.F. Skinner
ans:> theorist who said that parents and caregivers can affect a child's
behavior through the use of positive and negative feedback (rewards
and punishments); child's action repeatedly brings positive effects =
repeated and learned; child's action brings negative results = child will
eventually stop action
Albert Bandura
ans:> theorist who said that parents must provide good examples for
children to follow; children learn by modeling; disagreed with Skinner;
environment does shape the behavior but behavior also shapes the
environment
Jerome Bruner
,ans:> developed the term spiral curriculum in which children can tackle
challenges in age appropriate ways; topics can be revisited year after
year
Benjamin Bloom
ans:> created Bloom's taxonomy which are a hierarchy of learning
objectives starting with knowledge and growing in complexity to
evaluation
Howard Gardner
ans:> created the Multiple Intelligences theory which means that
humans have several different ways of processing information - musical,
visual, verbal, logical, etc
Urie Brofenbrenner
ans:> theorist who said that children's primary relationship with
caregiver needs to be stable, loving, and lasting; environment affects
development
Maria Montessori
ans:> theorist who stressed that children learn by using their senses and
learn best by pursuing their interests; children need to be given objects
to manipulate so they can exercise their sensory learning
Unoccupied play
ans:> early months of infancy; from birth to about three months; children
seem to be making random movements with no clear purpose, but this is
the initial form of playing
Solitary play
ans:> From three to 18 months; children are very busy with play and
they may not seem to notice other children sitting or playing nearby;
begins in infancy and is common in toddlers. This is because of toddlers'
limited social, cognitive,
and physical skills
Onlooker play
ans:> happens most often during the toddler years. This is where the
child watches other children play. Children are learning how to relate to
others
and learning language. Although children may ask questions of other
children, there is no effort to join the play. This type of play usually starts
during toddler years but can take place at any age.
, Parallel play
ans:> From the age of 18 months to two years,
children begin to play alongside other children without any interaction;
provides toddler with opportunities for role-playing such as
dressing up and pretending. It also helps children gain the
understanding of the idea of property right such as "mine." They begin to
show their need of being with other children their own age; usually found
with toddlers, although it happens in any age group.
Associative play
ans:> three - four years of age; they become more interested in other
children than the toys' started to socialize with other children. This play is
sometimes referred to as "loosely organized play."; helps preschooler
learn the do's and don'ts of getting along with others; teaches the art of
sharing, encourages language development, problem-solving skills and
cooperation; groups of children have similar goals. They do not set rules,
although they all want to be playing with the same types of toys and may
even trade toys. There is no formal organization.
Social play
ans:> Children around the age of three are
beginning to socialize with other children. By interacting with other
children in play settings, your child learns social rules such as give and
take and cooperation. Children are able to share toys and ideas. They
are beginning to learn to use moral reasoning to develop a sense of
values. To be
prepared to function in the adult world, children need to experience a
variety of social situations.
Motor - physical play
ans:> When children run, jump, and
play games such as hide and seek and tag they engage in physical play.
Physical play offers a chance for children to exercise and develop
muscle strength. Physically playing with
your child teaches social skills while enjoying good exercise. Your child
will learn to take turns and accept winning or losing
Constructive play
ans:> children create things in this type of play; starts in infancy and
becomes more complex as your child grows. This type of play starts with
your baby putting things in his/her mouth to see how
