Ophthalmology short answers
,1. Enumerate etiology & surgical treatment of Myopia.(38,41,52)
Myopia or shortsightedness is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of l
focused in front of the retina when accommodation is at rest
Etiological classification
l. Axial myopia results from increase in antero- posterior length of the eyeball. It
2. Curvatural myopia occurs due to increased curvature of the cornea, lens or bot
3. Positional myopia is produced by anterior placement of crystalline lens in the e
4. Index myopia results from increase in the refractive index of crystalline lens as
5. Myopia due to excessive accommodation occurs in patients with spasm of acco
Treatment of myopia
Surgical treatment of myopia
A) cornea based procedures
1.Radial keratotomy
2. Laser ablation corneal procedures
a. Photorefractive keratectomy(PRK).
b. Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
3.Refractive lenticule extraction (ReLEx)
4.Intercorneal ring (ICR) implantation
5.Orthokeratology
B)Lens based procedures
1.Refractive lens exchange.
2.Phakic refractive lens (PRL) or implantable contact lens (lCL)
3. Hyperopic PRK
4.Hyperopic LASIK
, 6. Fundus examination reveals following characteristic signs:
a. Optic disc appears large and pale and at its temporal edge a characteristic myopic c
b. Degenerative changes in retina and choroid are common in progressive myopia. Th
• Chorioretinal atrophic patches at the macula with a little heaping up of pigment arou
• Foster-Fuchs' spot (dark red circular patch due to sub-retinal neovascularization and
be present at the macula.
• Cystoid degeneration may be seen at the periphery.
• lattice degeneration and or snail track lesions with or without retinal holes/tears may
be complicated by retinal detachment.
• Total retinal atrophy, particularly in the central area may occur in an advanced case.
c. Posterior staphyloma due to ectasia of sclera at posterior pole may be apparent as a
bending backward over its margins.
d. Degenerative changes in vitreous include: liquefaction, vitreous opacities, and post
(PVD) appearing as Weiss' reflex.
7. Visual.fields may show contraction and in some cases ring scotoma may be seen.
8.ERG may reveal subnormal electroretinogram due to chorioretinal atrophy.
3). Define Myopia and name treatment of Myopia
* Myopia or short sightedness is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of lig
are focused in front of the retina when accommodation is at rest
1. Optical treatment of myopia comprises prescription of appropriate concave lens
formed on the retina
2. surgical treatment of myopia- LASIK,ReLEx, Radial keratotomy
4) What is Aphakia, Enumerate various methods of treatment of aph
Aphakia literally means 'absence of crystalline lens' from the eye. However, from the o
considered a condition in which the lens is absent from the pupillary area. Aphakia pro
, 5) Enumerate etiology and treatment of Hypermetropia (34,37)
1. Axial hypermetropia is by far the commonest form.
In this condition, the total refractive power of eye is normal but there is an axial sh
shortening of the anteroposrerior diamet,er of th e eye results in 3 dioptres of hyper
2. Curvatural hypermetropia is the condition in which the curvature of cornea , lens
normal resulting in a decrease in the refractive power ofeye. About l mm increase i
dioptres of hypermetropia.
3. Index hypermetropia occurs due to decrease in the refractive index of the lens in
sclerois.It may also occur in diabetics under treaunent.
4. Positional Hypermetropia results from posteriorly placed crystalline lens.
5. Absence of crystalline lens either congenital or acquired (following surgical rem
leads to aphakia- a condition of high hypermetropia.
6. Consecutive Hypermetropia may result due to:
• Overcorrected myopia following refractive surgery [(e.g. laser assisted in-situ
and implantable contact lens (ICL)).
• Underpoweredintraocularlens(TOL) implantation
during cataract surgery and refractive lens exchange (RLE).
Treatment
A. Optical treatment. prescribe convex (plus) lenses, so that the light rays are bro
B. Surgical treatment
I. Cornea based procedures
I. Thermal laser keratoplasty (TLK)
2. Conductive keratoplasty (CK)
3. Hyperopic PR.K
4. Hyperopic LASIK
II. Lens based procedures
I . Phakic refractive lens (PRL) or implantable contact lens (JCL)
2. Refractive lens exchange (RLE)
,1. Enumerate etiology & surgical treatment of Myopia.(38,41,52)
Myopia or shortsightedness is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of l
focused in front of the retina when accommodation is at rest
Etiological classification
l. Axial myopia results from increase in antero- posterior length of the eyeball. It
2. Curvatural myopia occurs due to increased curvature of the cornea, lens or bot
3. Positional myopia is produced by anterior placement of crystalline lens in the e
4. Index myopia results from increase in the refractive index of crystalline lens as
5. Myopia due to excessive accommodation occurs in patients with spasm of acco
Treatment of myopia
Surgical treatment of myopia
A) cornea based procedures
1.Radial keratotomy
2. Laser ablation corneal procedures
a. Photorefractive keratectomy(PRK).
b. Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
3.Refractive lenticule extraction (ReLEx)
4.Intercorneal ring (ICR) implantation
5.Orthokeratology
B)Lens based procedures
1.Refractive lens exchange.
2.Phakic refractive lens (PRL) or implantable contact lens (lCL)
3. Hyperopic PRK
4.Hyperopic LASIK
, 6. Fundus examination reveals following characteristic signs:
a. Optic disc appears large and pale and at its temporal edge a characteristic myopic c
b. Degenerative changes in retina and choroid are common in progressive myopia. Th
• Chorioretinal atrophic patches at the macula with a little heaping up of pigment arou
• Foster-Fuchs' spot (dark red circular patch due to sub-retinal neovascularization and
be present at the macula.
• Cystoid degeneration may be seen at the periphery.
• lattice degeneration and or snail track lesions with or without retinal holes/tears may
be complicated by retinal detachment.
• Total retinal atrophy, particularly in the central area may occur in an advanced case.
c. Posterior staphyloma due to ectasia of sclera at posterior pole may be apparent as a
bending backward over its margins.
d. Degenerative changes in vitreous include: liquefaction, vitreous opacities, and post
(PVD) appearing as Weiss' reflex.
7. Visual.fields may show contraction and in some cases ring scotoma may be seen.
8.ERG may reveal subnormal electroretinogram due to chorioretinal atrophy.
3). Define Myopia and name treatment of Myopia
* Myopia or short sightedness is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of lig
are focused in front of the retina when accommodation is at rest
1. Optical treatment of myopia comprises prescription of appropriate concave lens
formed on the retina
2. surgical treatment of myopia- LASIK,ReLEx, Radial keratotomy
4) What is Aphakia, Enumerate various methods of treatment of aph
Aphakia literally means 'absence of crystalline lens' from the eye. However, from the o
considered a condition in which the lens is absent from the pupillary area. Aphakia pro
, 5) Enumerate etiology and treatment of Hypermetropia (34,37)
1. Axial hypermetropia is by far the commonest form.
In this condition, the total refractive power of eye is normal but there is an axial sh
shortening of the anteroposrerior diamet,er of th e eye results in 3 dioptres of hyper
2. Curvatural hypermetropia is the condition in which the curvature of cornea , lens
normal resulting in a decrease in the refractive power ofeye. About l mm increase i
dioptres of hypermetropia.
3. Index hypermetropia occurs due to decrease in the refractive index of the lens in
sclerois.It may also occur in diabetics under treaunent.
4. Positional Hypermetropia results from posteriorly placed crystalline lens.
5. Absence of crystalline lens either congenital or acquired (following surgical rem
leads to aphakia- a condition of high hypermetropia.
6. Consecutive Hypermetropia may result due to:
• Overcorrected myopia following refractive surgery [(e.g. laser assisted in-situ
and implantable contact lens (ICL)).
• Underpoweredintraocularlens(TOL) implantation
during cataract surgery and refractive lens exchange (RLE).
Treatment
A. Optical treatment. prescribe convex (plus) lenses, so that the light rays are bro
B. Surgical treatment
I. Cornea based procedures
I. Thermal laser keratoplasty (TLK)
2. Conductive keratoplasty (CK)
3. Hyperopic PR.K
4. Hyperopic LASIK
II. Lens based procedures
I . Phakic refractive lens (PRL) or implantable contact lens (JCL)
2. Refractive lens exchange (RLE)
