What are the parts of experimental research? - ANSWER Predict, test,
Interpret, Communicate
What is an operational variable? - ANSWER the specific procedures way in
which a variable will be measured
What are the elements of informed consent? - ANSWER participants told
about the key procedures in a study and any risks that may be involved.
What is correlational research? - ANSWER Examining the relationship
between two variables, no intervention, manipulation of variables, or random
assignment
What is random assignment? - ANSWER Random assignment of participants
across experimental and control groups to balance differences
What is the difference between an experimental and a control group? -
ANSWER Control group, nothing is manipulated, whereas in an experimental
group one variable is changed/manipulated
What is a confounding variable? - ANSWER An outside influence that
changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable.
What is social desirability bias in an experiments? - ANSWER A type of
response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in
a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-
reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad", or undesirable behavior.
What are descriptive statistics? - ANSWER Descriptive statistics are brief
descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which can be either a
representation of the entire population or a sample of it. Descriptive statistics
,are broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability,
or spread.
What are inferential statistics? - ANSWER Inferential statistics are used to
make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups
is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study.
What is psychoanalysis? - ANSWER Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund
Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making
conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The
aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences,
i.e., make the unconscious conscious.
What is structuralism? - ANSWER Structuralism is a 20th Century intellectual
movement and approach to the human sciences (it has had a profound effect on
linguistics, sociology, anthropology and other fields in addition to philosophy)
that attempts to analyze a specific field as a complex system of interrelated
parts.
What is Behaviorism? - ANSWER A school of psychology. Proposed that
psychology can only be a true science if it examines observable behavior, not
ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
What is Humanistic and Positive Psychology? - ANSWER Humanistic and
positive psychology both focus on similar concerns, but have differences
regarding methodology and epistemology. In terms of methodology, humanistic
psychologists tend to prefer qualitative over quantitative approaches, whereas
positive psychologists tend to hold the opposite preference.
What is Cognitivism? - ANSWER Cognitivism is "the psychology of learning
which emphasizes human cognition or intelligence as a special endowment
enabling man to form hypotheses and develop intellectually" (Cognitivism) and
is also known as cognitive development.
What is Behavioral neuroscience? - ANSWER The study of the links among
brain, mind, and behavior.
,What are the five steps of scientific method? - ANSWER 1) observe, 2)
predict, 3) test, 4) interpret, 5) communicate
What is a variable? - ANSWER A characteristic that changes or "varies" such
as age, gender, weight, intelligence, anxiety, and extraversion.
What are the five guidelines for ethical treatment of human subjects? -
ANSWER 1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
2. Justice
3. Respect for persons
4. Fidelity and responsibility
5. Integrity
What is the concept of deception and its potential use? - ANSWER In
psychology, deception is commonly used to increase experimental control. Yet,
its use has provoked concerns that it raises participants' suspicions, prompts sec-
ond-guessing of experimenters' true intentions, and ultimately distorts behavior
and endangers the control it is meant to achieve.
What is a case study? - ANSWER A study design in which a psychologist,
often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time.
What is naturalistic observation? - ANSWER A study in which the researcher
unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world.
What are the two essential characteristics of an experiment? - ANSWER
Manipulation of variable; random assignment
What is an independent variable? - ANSWER An independent variable is the
variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the
effects on the dependent variable.
What is a dependent variable? - ANSWER In an experiment, the outcome or
response to the experimental manipulation (Y-Value)
, What is the difference between an experimental and a control group? -
ANSWER Experimental group - will receive the treatment or whatever is
predicted to change Control group - treated in the same manner as experimental
group however they do not receive the independent variable (Placebo).
True or False: Variables in experimental research are classified as independent
and dependent; variables in a correlational study are indicated as "x" and "y". -
ANSWER True
What is a confounding variable (internal validity)? - ANSWER additional
variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable.
What is a placebo effect (internal validity)? - ANSWER People receiving a
treatment show a change in behavior because of expectations, not because the
treatment itself had any specific benefit.
What is experimenter expectancy effects (internal validity)? - ANSWER
results that occur when the behavior of the participants influenced by the
experimenter's of who is in the control / experimental group.
What is replicating and generalizing the findings (external validity)? -
ANSWER Replication is the process of repeating a study to determine whether
the original findings can be duplicated while generalizability is the degree to
which the findings can be extrapolated to other people and situations.
What is social desirability bias (internal validity)? - ANSWER The tendency
toward favorable self presentation, leads to inaccurate self reports.
What is sampling bias (external validity)? - ANSWER A sample that
misrepresents a population. Example- Lots of republications in an election.
In descriptive statistics, what is the mean? - ANSWER The mean is the
average of the numbers: a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers.
In descriptive statistics, what is the median? - ANSWER The middle number
in a given sequence of numbers, taken as the average of the two middle
numbers when the sequence has an even number of numbers:
Interpret, Communicate
What is an operational variable? - ANSWER the specific procedures way in
which a variable will be measured
What are the elements of informed consent? - ANSWER participants told
about the key procedures in a study and any risks that may be involved.
What is correlational research? - ANSWER Examining the relationship
between two variables, no intervention, manipulation of variables, or random
assignment
What is random assignment? - ANSWER Random assignment of participants
across experimental and control groups to balance differences
What is the difference between an experimental and a control group? -
ANSWER Control group, nothing is manipulated, whereas in an experimental
group one variable is changed/manipulated
What is a confounding variable? - ANSWER An outside influence that
changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable.
What is social desirability bias in an experiments? - ANSWER A type of
response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in
a manner that will be viewed favorably by others. It can take the form of over-
reporting "good behavior" or under-reporting "bad", or undesirable behavior.
What are descriptive statistics? - ANSWER Descriptive statistics are brief
descriptive coefficients that summarize a given data set, which can be either a
representation of the entire population or a sample of it. Descriptive statistics
,are broken down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability,
or spread.
What are inferential statistics? - ANSWER Inferential statistics are used to
make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups
is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study.
What is psychoanalysis? - ANSWER Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund
Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making
conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining insight. The
aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences,
i.e., make the unconscious conscious.
What is structuralism? - ANSWER Structuralism is a 20th Century intellectual
movement and approach to the human sciences (it has had a profound effect on
linguistics, sociology, anthropology and other fields in addition to philosophy)
that attempts to analyze a specific field as a complex system of interrelated
parts.
What is Behaviorism? - ANSWER A school of psychology. Proposed that
psychology can only be a true science if it examines observable behavior, not
ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
What is Humanistic and Positive Psychology? - ANSWER Humanistic and
positive psychology both focus on similar concerns, but have differences
regarding methodology and epistemology. In terms of methodology, humanistic
psychologists tend to prefer qualitative over quantitative approaches, whereas
positive psychologists tend to hold the opposite preference.
What is Cognitivism? - ANSWER Cognitivism is "the psychology of learning
which emphasizes human cognition or intelligence as a special endowment
enabling man to form hypotheses and develop intellectually" (Cognitivism) and
is also known as cognitive development.
What is Behavioral neuroscience? - ANSWER The study of the links among
brain, mind, and behavior.
,What are the five steps of scientific method? - ANSWER 1) observe, 2)
predict, 3) test, 4) interpret, 5) communicate
What is a variable? - ANSWER A characteristic that changes or "varies" such
as age, gender, weight, intelligence, anxiety, and extraversion.
What are the five guidelines for ethical treatment of human subjects? -
ANSWER 1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
2. Justice
3. Respect for persons
4. Fidelity and responsibility
5. Integrity
What is the concept of deception and its potential use? - ANSWER In
psychology, deception is commonly used to increase experimental control. Yet,
its use has provoked concerns that it raises participants' suspicions, prompts sec-
ond-guessing of experimenters' true intentions, and ultimately distorts behavior
and endangers the control it is meant to achieve.
What is a case study? - ANSWER A study design in which a psychologist,
often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time.
What is naturalistic observation? - ANSWER A study in which the researcher
unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world.
What are the two essential characteristics of an experiment? - ANSWER
Manipulation of variable; random assignment
What is an independent variable? - ANSWER An independent variable is the
variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the
effects on the dependent variable.
What is a dependent variable? - ANSWER In an experiment, the outcome or
response to the experimental manipulation (Y-Value)
, What is the difference between an experimental and a control group? -
ANSWER Experimental group - will receive the treatment or whatever is
predicted to change Control group - treated in the same manner as experimental
group however they do not receive the independent variable (Placebo).
True or False: Variables in experimental research are classified as independent
and dependent; variables in a correlational study are indicated as "x" and "y". -
ANSWER True
What is a confounding variable (internal validity)? - ANSWER additional
variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable.
What is a placebo effect (internal validity)? - ANSWER People receiving a
treatment show a change in behavior because of expectations, not because the
treatment itself had any specific benefit.
What is experimenter expectancy effects (internal validity)? - ANSWER
results that occur when the behavior of the participants influenced by the
experimenter's of who is in the control / experimental group.
What is replicating and generalizing the findings (external validity)? -
ANSWER Replication is the process of repeating a study to determine whether
the original findings can be duplicated while generalizability is the degree to
which the findings can be extrapolated to other people and situations.
What is social desirability bias (internal validity)? - ANSWER The tendency
toward favorable self presentation, leads to inaccurate self reports.
What is sampling bias (external validity)? - ANSWER A sample that
misrepresents a population. Example- Lots of republications in an election.
In descriptive statistics, what is the mean? - ANSWER The mean is the
average of the numbers: a calculated "central" value of a set of numbers.
In descriptive statistics, what is the median? - ANSWER The middle number
in a given sequence of numbers, taken as the average of the two middle
numbers when the sequence has an even number of numbers:
