Emergency And Critical Care VTNE Exam Questions and Answers

Which of the following is least useful when resuscitating a dog in shock? A. D5W B. Hetastarch C. Hypertonic saline D. Plasma-Lyte 48 - D5W The first drug of choice for a cat that experiences status epilepticus is: A. Diazepam B. Pentobarbital C. Potassium bromide D. Propofol - Diazepam Tension pneumothorax occurs when pressure in the thoracic cavity is: A. Less than atmospheric pressure B. Equal to atmospheric pressure C. Greater than atmospheric pressure D. Constant as animal breathes in and out - Greater than atmospheric pressure Emesis should not be induced in patients that have ingested: A. Anticholinergics B. Hydrocarbons C. Organophosphates D. Salicylates - Hydrocarbons The mucous membranes of a dog in septic shock are: A. Cyanotic B. Hyperemic C. Icteric D. Pale - Hyperemic The most desirable induction agent for an emergency cesarean section in a dog is: A. Etomidate B. Diazepam C. Propofol D. Thiopental - Propofol The underlying disease for most cases of feline aortic thromboembolism is ___ in origin. A. Cardiac B. Hepatic C. Renal D. Respiratory - Cardiac To reduce intracranial pressure that results from trauma, _____ may be administered every 4 to 8 hours. A. Atropine B. Dexamethasone C. Diazepam D. Mannitol - Mannitol Four patients present at the same time with emergency conditions. In what order should the patients be triaged? A. Dyspnea, dystocia, proptosis, laceration B. Proptosis, dyspnea, dystocia, laceration C. Laceration, dystocia, dyspnea, proptosis D. Dystocia, proptosis, laceration, dyspnea - Dyspnea, dystocia, proptosis, laceration Which of the following conditions heals best through first intention? A. Abscess B. Degloving C. Simple laceration D. Puncture wound - Simple laceration A patient is experiencing cardiopulmonary arrest. The most desirable route of drug administration is: A. Intratracheal B. Intracardiac C. Intravenous D. Intraosseous - Intravenous A patient that has been hit by a car and has no palpable pulse or detectable heartbeat requires chest compressions. These compressions should be performed at a rate (per minute) of: A. 60-80 compressions per minute B. 80-100 compressions per minute C. 100-120 compressions per minute D. 120-140 compressions per minute - 100-120 compressions per minute To minimize hemorrhage to the head of a canine trauma patient, where should pressure be applied? A. At the thoracic inlet in both jugular grooves B. At the thoracic inlet of the left jugular groove C. To the area adjacent and central to the mandible D. To the lateral points of the temporomandibular joint - To the area adjacent and ventral to the mandible In emergency care cases in which it is not possible to administer large volumes of desired fluids, it may be beneficial to properly administer: A. D5W B. Hypertonic saline C. Hypotonic saline D. Isotonic saline - Hypertonic saline During emergency intubation, cranial nerve ___ may be stimulated, resulting in ______. A. I; bradycardia B. IV; tachycardia C. X; bradycardia D. XII; tachycardia - X; bradycardia - Tie the mouth securely closed with your shoelace A normal central venous pressure (CVP) range is: A. 0-5 cm H2O B. 5-10 cm H2O C. 10-15 cm H2O D. 15-20 cm H2O - 0-5 cm H2O When monitoring patients on fluids and/or patients that undergo diuresis, urine output is an important consideration. The normal urine production for a healthy dog or cat is approximately: A. 0-1 mL/kg/hr B. 1-2 mL/kg/hr C. 2-3 mL/kg/hr D. 3-4 mL/kg/hr - 1-2 mL/kg/hr Multiple parameters are measured to determine a category of shock that an animal might be experiencing. The central venous pressure is high in which of the following types of shock? A. Cardiogenic B. Distributive C. Hypovolemic D. Septic - Cardiogenic Hypoglycemia is most common in patients that experience: A. Anaphylactic shock B. Cardiogenic shock C. Neurogenic shock D. Septic shock - Septic shock A patient has increased muscular tone in the thoracic limbs and flaccid paralysis in the pelvic limbs when lying on his side. He is able to ambulate when placed on his feet and has a normal mentation. What posture do these clinical signs indicate? A. Decerebellate B. Decerebrate C. Opisthotonus D. Schiff-Sherrington - Schiff-Sherrington The Schiff-Sherrington posture is indicative of injury to which part of the spine? A. Cranial-C6 B. C6-T2 C. T1-T3 D. T3-L3 - T3-L3 NSAIDs are also referred to as: A. Anti-prostaglandins B. Neoprostaglandins C. Pro-prostaglandins D. Prostaglandoids - Anti-prostaglandins Which of the following is a colloid solution? A. Hetastarch B. Lactated Ringer's C. Normosol-R D. Plasma-Lyte 148 - Hetastarch Defibrillation is the passing of an electrical current through the heart to: A. Cause the already depolarized cardiac cells to repolarize in a uniform manner B. Cause the cardiac cells to depolarize and then repolarize in a uniform manner C. Prevent the cardiac cells from depolarizing, thus maintaining rhythm D. Prevent any contractile activity of the cardiac cells temporarily - Cause the cardiac cells to depolarize and then repolarize in a uniform manner Which of the following is least likely to be seen in a patient suffering from shock? A. Hyperthermia B. Нурotension C. Tachycardia D.Tachypnea - Hyperthermia Gastric dilatation/volvulus (GDV) is a life-threatening emergency. Which of the following veins becomes obstructed as a result of GDV? A. Femoral vein B. Gastroduodenal vein C. Portal vein D. Renal vein - Portal vein The unit of measurement for insulin is: A.Milliliters B. Microliters C. Milligrams D. International units - International units Dystocia in the dog or cat may be defined as active straining without delivery of a fetus for more than ____ minutes. A. 20 minutes B. 30 minutes C. 40 minutes D. 60 minutes - 60 minutes When approaching an animal that requires emergency treatment, which direction should one approach the patient? A. Caudal B. Lateral C. Rostral D. Let the animal try to come to you - Rostral Ocular exposure to a toxin has occurred in a dog. On examination, it is discovered that there is possible damage to the corneal epithelium. Which of the following procedures is contraindicated? A. Continuous flushing with physiologic saline B. Provision of mild sedative or analgesic or both C. Corticosteroid administration to prevent inflammation D. Use of antibiotic cream after flushing - Corticosteroid administration to prevent inflammation A client calls the veterinary practice indicating that her cat drank ethylene glycol 6 hours earlier. the Everyone is at lunch, and you immediately page veterinarian; however, the client wants to make her cat vomit to rid it of the toxin. What should you advise her? A. To use 3% hydrogen peroxide at 1 Tbl/20 lb B.To use salt on the back of the tongue C. To use dry mustard powder only D. Not to induce vomiting and to bring in the cat immediately - Not to induce vomiting and to bring in the cat immediately Eclampsia produces elevated body temperatures as a result of: A. Increased levels of endotoxins that are present B. A large fetal mass that is present C. Heat produced through muscle movement D. Eclampsia does not result in elevated body temperature - Heat produced through muscle movement To place a nasal oxygenation catheter in a dog, a veterinary technician would measure to the: A. Beginning of the thoracic inlet B. Medial canthus of the eye C. Pharynx D. No measurement is needed; a standard catheter that is 1.5 inches in length is used - Medial canthus of the eye A client calls to say she has come home to find her cat lying with the lamp cord in its mouth. The first thing you should advise her to do is: A. Immediately place the cat in a carrier, and bring it to clinic B. Explain how to perform CPR C. Immediately disconnect the plug of the lamp cord from the wall socket D. Take note of the amperage of the lamp - Immediately disconnect the plug of the lamp cord from the wall socket The most common artery to use when assessing the pulse of a dog or cat is the: a. Jugular B. Femoral C. Сагрal D. Tarsal - Femoral A healthy, adult, small-breed dog is presented to the veterinary practice for a wellness exam. At what point does one become concerned about an elevated heart rate? A. 175 beats/min B. 250 beats/min C. 300 beats/min D. 350 beats/min - 250 beats/min A pulse deficit occurs when the pulse: A. Occurs before the heartbeat B. Occurs with the heartbeat C. Occurs after the heartbeat D. Does not occur - Does not occur A normal sinus arrhythmia occurs when heart rate: A. Increases with expiration B. Decreases with expiration C. May increase or decrease with expiration D. Does not increase or decrease with expiration - Decreases with expiration An abnormal increase in the depth and rate of respirations is called: A. Dyspnea B. Нурernea C. Orthopnea D. Tachypnea - Нурernea An 18-gauge needle would be most appropriate for administering SQ fluids to which patient? A. Cockatiel B. Labrador retriever C. Kitten D. Rat - Labrador retriever The proper site for an intraperitoneal injection is: A. On the lateral abdominal wall just caudal to the rib cage B. Caudal to the umbilicus to the midline C. At the level of the umbilicus to the right or left of the midline D. Cranial to the umbilicus - Cranial to the umbilicus Which of the following statements is true regarding the administration of liquids via the oral cavity in a dog? A. Flush a large bolus of fluid directly into the mouth B. Flush a very small bolus of fluid directly into pharyngeal area C. Place fluid between the teeth and the cheek, and allow the patient to swallow on its own accord D. Place the fluid between the teeth and the cheek in large enough amounts so that the patient will be forced to swallow - Place fluid between the teeth and the cheek, and allow the patient to swallow on its own accord Which area of the body is best to assess skin turgor in a canine patient? A. Lateral aspect of the neck B. Caudal abdomen C. Base of the tail D. Axillary region - Lateral aspect of the neck Knuckling is an abnormality of which system? A. Cardiac B. Neurologic C. Respiratory D. Urinary - Neurologic The rapid intravenous administration of large amounts of potassium can result in: A. Respiratory arrest B. Cardiac arrest C. Polyuria D. Polydipsia - Cardiac arrest Which of the following route(s) can potassium solutions be administered to dogs and cats without causing severe pain? A. Intravenous only B. Subcutaneous only C. Intramuscular only D. Intravenous and subcutaneous - Intravenous and subcutaneous Which of the following is not a contraindication for crystalloid fluid therapy? A. Pulmonary edema B. Cerebral edema C. Pitting of the soft tissues D. Swollen soft tissue from bruising caused by trauma - Swollen soft tissue from bruising caused by trauma Which of the following is the easiest method for monitoring fluid therapy? A. Central venous pressure (CVP) B. Packed-cell volume/total protein (PCV/TP) C. Urine output (UOP) D. Weight - Weight What part of the eye can be used to indicate fluid overload? A. Conjunctiva B. Lens C. Pupil D. Nictitating membrane - Conjunctiva Rapid fluid replacement with crystalloids is contraindicated in conditions of: A. Severe dehydration B. Shock C. Cerebral edema D. Renal failure - Cerebral edema Which of the following is a common colloid preparation that is administered intravenously? A. Lactated Ringer's solution B. Normosol-R solution C. Sodium chloride 9% D. Vetstarch - Vetstarch Fluid-therapy solutions administered subcutaneously are: A. Colloids B. Hypertonic C. Нурotonic D. Isotonic - Isotonic The best route for rapid fluid administration of large amounts of fluids to patients with poor venous access is: A. Intraosseous B. Intraperitoneal C. Oral D. Subcutaneous - Intraosseous In trauma cases, fluid therapy should be used with caution in which of the following scenarios? A. Severe shock B. Mild shock C. Pulmonary contusions D. Severe skin damage - Pulmonary contusions When a critical patient arrives at the veterinary practice, which body system should be evaluated first? A. Cardiac B. Neurologic C. Respiratory D. Urinary - Respiratory Which of the following is the safest and most effective first aid for frostbite? A. Apply warm towels and massage the area B. Immerse the affected area in hot water C. Immerse the affected area in lukewarm water D. Rub the affected area with snow - Immerse the affected area in lukewarm water Which of the following methods for controlling hemorrhage from a traumatic wound is least likely to cause further damage to the animal? A. Clamping the wound with a hemostat B. Direct pressure C. Tourniquet D. Applying silver nitrate - Direct pressure Which would be considered the least important physical measure evaluated during triage of a patient? A. Heart rate B. Respiratory rate C. Capillary refill time D. Weight - Weight Which of the following statements is true regarding a patient that is in shock? A. An initial decrease in heart rate that then increases as the patient nears death B. A decreased heart rate C. An initial increase in heart rate that then decreases as the patient nears death D. An increased heart rate - An initial increase in heart rate that then decreases as the patient nears death The mucous membranes of patients in hemorrhagic shock are: A. Cyanotic B. Hyperemic C. Icteric D. Pale or white - Pale or white What is the minimum concentration of hemoglobin required to detect cyanosis? A. 3 g/dL B. 4 g/dL C. 5 g/dL D. 6 g/dL - 5 g/dL According to the principles of triage, which patient should the veterinarian see first? A. Cat with a closed fracture B. Dog in respiratory distress C. Dog with otitis externa D. Cat with a small laceration on a paw pad - Dog in respiratory distress Which of the following would petechiation on the mucous membranes indicate? A. Hemoglobinemia B. Methemoglobinemia C. Myoglobinemia D. Thrombocytopenia - Thrombocytopenia Which of the following is not a characteristic of compensatory shock? A. Normal blood pressure B. Cool extremities C. Capillary refill time 1 second D. Tachycardia - Capillary refill time 1 second According to the principles of triage, which patient should a veterinarian see first? A. Dog with a small laceration on a pinna B. Dog with acute gastric dilatation/volvulus C. Cat with dystocia, not in shock, no kitten in birth canal D. Cat with possible linear foreign body in the bowel - Dog with acute gastric dilatation/volvulus Which of these signs is not an indication of dystocia? A. Green or black vulvar discharge B. Profuse vulvar hemorrhage C. Pup or kitten in the birth canal for 5 minutes D. More than 1 hour of vigorous contractions with no pup or kitten produced - Green or black vulvar discharge What is not usually a sign of acute gastric dilatation/ volvulus? A. Unproductive vomiting B. Hypersalivation C. Abdominal distention D. Profuse diarrhea - Profuse diarrhea Crackles on thoracic auscultation indicate: A. Asthma B. Pleural effusion C. Pneumothorax D. Pulmonary edema - Pulmonary edema A client describes his male cat as lethargic and constipated; he has observed the cat straining in the litter box. You suspect that the cat is actually suffering from: A. Peritonitis B. Urethral obstruction C. Intestinal obstruction D. An upper respiratory viral infection - Urethral obstruction were elevated in a dog with a If the hindquarters severe diaphragmatic hernia, what effect would this have on respiration? A. There is no change in respiratory rate or labor of respirations B. Respiratory rate decreases and respiration becomes less labored C. Respiratory rate increases and respiration becomes more labored D. A cough is induced - Respiratory rate increases and respiration becomes more labored A veterinarian is assessing a cat with a spinal injury. When the doctor pinches the cat's toe, a positive response to deep pain would be indicated by: A. Kicking of the foot without vocalizing B. Kicking of the foot while vocalizing C. Withdrawal of the foot without vocalizing D. Withdrawal of the foot while vocalizing - Withdrawal of the foot while vocalizing arrest include all of the Signs of cardiopulmonary following except: A. Alertness B. Dilated pupils C. Agonal breathing D. No femoral pulse - Alertness A patient that was hit by a car and has multiple pelvic fractures has not urinated in more than 24 hours. One may suspect the cause of anuria to be: A. A ruptured urinary bladder B. Severe dehydration C. Renal failure D. Urethral calculi - A ruptured urinary bladder A free-roaming dog is brought to the hospital for listlessness and dyspnea. While performing venipuncture, you notice that the animal seems to have a prolonged clotting time. A possible cause of prolonged clotting times would be the ingestion of_____. A. Anticoagulant rodenticide B. Ethylene glycol C. Organophosphate insecticide D. Strychnine - Anticoagulant rodenticide Which statement concerning status epilepticus is accurate? A. It occurs in geriatric animals only B. It is a life-threatening medical emergency C. It is treated by the administration of acepromazine D. It will resolve spontaneously - It is a life-threatening medical emergency Signs of organophosphate toxicity include all of the following except: A. Bradycardia B. Lacrimation C. Mydriasis D. Salivation - Mydriasis Normal capillary refill time in dogs is: A. 1 second B. 1 to 2 seconds C. 2 to 4 seconds D. 4 to 6 seconds - 1 to 2 seconds A client calls the hospital and indicates that a car has just hit his cat. The recommendations that should be made include: A. Immediately bring the cat in to be examined by a veterinarian B. Observe the cat at home for an hour, and call back if problems occur C. Bring the cat in for an examination by a veterinarian the following day D. Bring the cat to you for initial examination, so you can determine whether the animal needs to be seen by a veterinarian - Immediately bring the cat in to be examined by a veterinarian A client calls the hospital and advises that his puppy has walked through motor oil and is licking its paws. What should be recommended? A. Do not induce emesis, and immediately bring the pet to the clinic for examination and treatment B. Induce emesis and then immediately bring the pet to the clinic for examination and treatment C. Induce emesis; no further treatment is required D. Induce emesis and then bring the pet to the clinic only if it shows signs of toxicity - Do not induce emesis, and immediately bring the pet to the clinic for examination and treatment A client calls the practice and states that his dog has just ingested sugar-free gum. He is 90 minutes from the practice. What should be recommended? A. Do not induce emesis and immediately bring the pet to the clinic for examination and treatment B. Induce emesis then immediately bring the pet to the clinic for examination and treatment C. Induce emesis; no further treatment is required D. Induce emesis then bring the pet to the clinic only if it shows signs of toxicity - Induce emesis then immediately bring the pet to the clinic for examination and treatment A client owning a diabetic cat calls the practice and that her cat has just had a seizure and collapsed. says gave She the cat its usual dose of insulin that morning, but the animal has not eaten anything during the day. What should the next recommendation entail? A. Another dose of insulin, then bring the cat to the clinic for medical attention B. Some corn syrup or sugar solution on the gums, then observe the cat at home C. Some corn syrup or sugar solution on the gums, then bring the cat to the clinic for medical attention D. Another dose of insulin, then observe the cat at home - Some corn syrup or sugar solution on the gums, then bring the cat to the clinic for medical attention A client has just treated his 5-week-old kitten with a flea dip that contains lindane. The cat is acting slightly lethargic, and the client then notices that the label on the dip reads "for dogs only." The client calls the practice. What advice should be given? A. Observe the kitten at home B. Wash the kitten with mild dish soap, rinse well, and then bring the animal to the clinic for examination C. Wash the kitten with mild dish soap, rinse well, and then administer acetaminophen for discomfort D. Induce emesis and observe the kitten at home - Wash the kitten with mild dish soap, rinse well, and then bring the animal to the clinic for examination A client calls the hospital because he has noticed that his cat has a string protruding from under the tongue. The client should be advised to: out the string A. Gently attempt to pull out the string B. Induce emesis C. Cut the string and administer laxatives at home D. Bring the cat to the clinic for examination - Bring the cat to the clinic for examination A client calls the hospital because she has noticed a barbed fishhook embedded in her dog's lower lip. The client should be advised to: A. Gently attempt to pull out the fishhook B. Observe the dog at home; most fishhooks fall out spontaneously within 24 hours C. Bring the animal to see the veterinarian as soon as possible D. Administer aspirin for discomfort and see the veterinarian right away - Bring the animal to see the veterinarian as soon as possible A dog has a lacerated paw pad. The client has placed a small bandage over the wound, but blood is soaking through. The appropriate treatment is to: A. Remove the bandage and apply digital pressure to the wound B. Apply another bandage over the client's original bandage C. Remove the bandage and apply a tourniquet to the limb D. Do nothing; no further treatment is required if the bleeding is not excessive - Apply another bandage over the client's original bandage client calls the hospital. Her small An extremely upset poodle has stopped breathing and she cannot feel a heartbeat. What should the next recommendation be? A. Attempt no treatment; immediately transport the pet to the hospital B. Attempt mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions; immediately transport the pet to the hospital C. Start chest compression immediately and provide mouth-to-snout breaths while closing the dog's mouth at a 30 compression to 2 breaths ratio, and immediately transport the pet to the hospital D. Attempt resuscitation; transport the pet to the hospital if attempts at resuscitation are unsuccessful - Start chest compression immediately and provide mouth-to-snout breaths while closing the dog's mouth at a 30 compression to 2 breaths ratio, and immediately transport the pet to the hospital How should a patient with a potential spinal injury be transported to the hospital? A. Sitting B. Standing C. Lying on a flat board D. Moving as it wishes - Lying on a flat board