NURS 6501 Pathophysiology Final Exam

A nucleus A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? Nucleuolus A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? Ligands Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? Integral membrane proteins Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell's bilayer by dissolving the layer itself? Decreased fibronectin A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer? Paracrine Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types? ATP An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse's response is based on the knowledge that the problem is a result of a deficiency of: Citric acid cycle Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation and the citric acid cycle A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the nurse include? Anaerobic glycolysis A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? Diffusion A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? Plasma proteins a nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: Osmolality A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring: Hydrostatic pressure A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing? By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? Symport The ion transporter that moves Na+ and Ca2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? M Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called? Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. Which causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? Na+ rushing into the cell A cell is isolated, and electrophysiology studies reveal that the resting membrane potential is -70 mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion is K+. With voltage change, which of the following would result in an action potential? Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? size. A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell: Physiologic During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as what type of atrophy? increase in size. When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will experience hypertrophy which is an: hyperplasia A 55 year old male with a 30 year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called: pathologic hyperplasia. A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be referred to as: compensatory hyperplasia. A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver is removed, the remaining cells would undergo: decreased ATP production. Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: reduced protein synthesis. The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: Carbon minoxide poisoning A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, tinnitus, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms? calcium A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased intracellular: Subdural hematoma A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for? Incised wound A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department with a jagged sharp-force injury that is longer than it is deep. Which type of wound will the nurse be caring for? hemosiderin. A 23-year-old male develops a black eye following a fight. When the aide asks the nurse why this occurred, the nurse's best response is that the bruising is due to an accumulation of: caseous necrosis A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is the most likely cause? die. While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to: infection-induced apoptosis A 50-year-old male intravenous drug user is diagnosed with hepatitis C. Examination of the liver reveals cell death secondary to: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? rigor mortis. When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of: excessive protein. When a nurse is checking a urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of: complete cessation of respiration and circulation Confirmation of somatic death is based on: intravascular fluid A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? 42 L A 35-year-old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is considered the total volume of body water? decreased muscle mass While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have: liver failure. Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: osmotic forces Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by: Increased interstitial hydrostatic pressure An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space? Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? localized edema A 10-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: increased plasma osmolality A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by: Intracellular dehydration A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected? dehydration Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: Acute acidosis Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? Acidosis A 19-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting restlessness, muscle cramping, and diarrhea. Lab tests reveal that he is hyperkalemic. Which of the following could have caused his condition? Oliguria A 60-year-old female is diagnosed with hyperkalemia. Which assessment finding should the nurse expect to observe? hyperventilating For a patient experiencing metabolic acidosis, the body will compensate by: Pneumonia Which finding would support the diagnosis of respiratory acidosis? respiratory acidosis A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help to confirm the diagnosis of: Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care provider and reports dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Cancer in situ A nurse is discussing preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing? Adenocarcinoma A 25-year-old male develops a tumor of the breast glandular tissue. What type of tumor will be documented on the chart? Enzymes A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker. Which of the following could be a possible marker? new blood vessel growth Which information should the nurse include when teaching about angiogenic factors? In cancer, angiogenic factors stimulate: Human papillomavirus (HPV) A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer? Gastric cancer A 45-year-old male presents with persistent, severe stomach pain. Testing reveals a peptic ulcer. Further laboratory tests reveal the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Which of the following is of concern for this patient? Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer A nurse is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give? after surgical removal of a tumor A patient asks when adjuvant chemotherapy is used. How should the nurse respond? Adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used: concussion A nurse is preparing to teach staff about the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Which type of traumatic brain injury should the nurse discuss? arterial What is the main source of bleeding in extradural (epidural) hematomas? moderate diffuse brain injury After falling, a patient's Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 5 initially and 7 after 1 day. The patient remained unconscious for 2 weeks but is now awake, confused, and experiencing anterograde amnesia. This history supports which medical diagnosis? the elderly Who is most at risk of spinal cord injury because of preexisting degenerative disorders? his sympathetic nervous system has been damaged A patient is brought to the ER for treatment of injuries received in a motor vehicle accident. An MRI reveals spinal cord injury, and his body temperature fluctuates markedly. The most accurate explanation of this phenomenon is that: autonomic hyperreflexia Six weeks ago a patient suffered a T6 spinal cord injury. What complication does the nurse suspect when the patient develops a blood pressure of 200/120, a severe headache, blurred vision, and bradycardia? A distended bladder or rectum A patient diagnosed with a spinal cord injury experienced spinal shock lasting 15 days. The patient is now experiencing an uncompensated cardiovascular response to sympathetic stimulation. What does the nurse suspect caused this condition? diabetes A 30-year-old white male recently suffered a cerebrovascular accident. Which of the following is the most likely factor that contributed to his stroke? blacks over 65 years of age Of the following groups, who are at highest risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? transient ischemic stroke A 72-year-old patient demonstrates left-sided weakness of upper and lower extremities. The symptoms lasted less than an hour and resolved with no evidence of infarction. The patient most likely experienced a(n): in cerebral arteries A major contributing process in CVAs is the development of atheromatous plaques in cerebral circulation. Where do these plaques most commonly form? aneurysm A 60-year-old patient with a recent history of head trauma and a long-term history of hypertension presents to the ER for changes in mental status. MRI reveals that the patient has experienced a subarachnoid hemorrhage. What does the nurse suspect caused this type of stroke? saccular aneurysm Upon autopsy of a 25 year old, abnormalities in the media of the arterial wall and degenerative changes were detected. Which of the following would most likely accompany this finding? West Nile Encephalitis A 15-month-old child from Pennsylvania was brought to the ER with symptomology that includes fever, seizure activity, cranial palsies, and paralysis. Which form of encephalitis is best supported by the available assessment data? Demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS A patient is newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). What physiologic change is causing the patient's symptoms? autoimmunity and gentic susceptibility When a patient asks, "What is the cause of multiple sclerosis?" the nurse bases the answer on the interaction between: dura mater and arachnoid mater A patient presents with seizures. An MRI reveals a meningioma most likely originating from the: myasthenia gravis The patient reports generalized muscle weakness. The health care provider orders administration of the medication edrophonium chloride (Tensilon). This medication is used in the diagnosis of: abnormal receptor activity Besides hyposecretion and hypersecretion, endocrine system dysfunction can result from: Hyponetremia A 54-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which electrolyte imbalance would be expected in this patient? concentrated urine A 44-year-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis is evaluated for SIADH. Which assessment finding would support this diagnosis? dehydration from polyuria A patient is admitted to the intensive care unit with a closed head injury sustained in a motorcycle accident. The injury has caused severe damage to the posterior pituitary. Which of the following complications should the nurse anticipate? nephrogenic While planning care for a patient from general anesthesia, which principle should the nurse remember? A side effect of some general anesthetic agents is _____ diabetes insipidus.