Ophthalmology
1. Which bones make up the orbit?: 1) Frontal
2) Zygomatic
3) Greater + Lesser Wing of Sphenoid
4) Maxilla
5) Lacrimal
6) Ethmoid
7) Palatine
2. What is the cornea?: Clear structure that vaults over pupil/iris
0.5 mm thick in center
Type I collagen fibers arranged REGULARLY, DEHYDRATED Avascular
3. What is the sclera?: White, opaque wall of the eye. Continuous with
cornea
Type I collagen fibers arranged more IRREGULARLY, HYDRATED
4. What is the anterior chamber?: Space between cornea and iris/pupil Filled with aqueous fluid
(produced in ciliary body, located posterior to iris)
5. What is the iris?: Pigmented, thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of
the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Contains sphincter and dilator muscles.
6. What are the canthi?: Either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. More specifically, the inner
and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure.
7. What is the caruncle?: It is the small, pink, globular nodule at the inner corner (the medial canthus) of the eye. It
is made of skin covering sebaceous and sweat glands.
8. What is the orbital septum?: A membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends
from the orbital rims to the eyelids. It forms the fibrous portion of the eyelids.
9. Location of orbital septum:
10.What is orbital fat?: Orbital fat lies posterior to the orbital septum and anterior to the levator aponeurosis (upper
lid) or the capsulopalpebral fascia (lower lid).
11.Orbital fat:
, Ophthalmology
12.What is the ciliary body?: The ciliary body is a circular band of muscle that is connected to and sits immediately
behind the iris
13.What does the ciliary body do?: 1. Controls lens shape by pulling or relaxing on the lens zonules.
2. Produces aqueous humor which fills the posterior and anterior chambers and provides nutrition for avascular tissues in
the eye such as the cornea.
14.What is the lens?: Proteinaceous structure located just posterior to pupil. Held in place by zonular fibers
(attached to ciliary body)
15.What is the vitreous body?: The vitreous body/humour is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the
retina of the eyeball. It keeps the center of the eye clear so that light can get to the retina and vision can begin. The gel
and its fluid allow oxygen and nutrients to flow from the front of the eye to the back of the eye. In youth, the vitreous
body is a shock absorber during eye movement, head movement, and physical exertions of the body. It is also rich in
anti-oxidants that protect the various parts of the eye.
16.What is the retina?: A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger
nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.
17.What is the optic nerve?: CNII - paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
Contains axons of ganglion cells in retina.
Extends intracranially from optic disc --> optic nerves--> optic chiasm --> optic tract
--> lateral geniculate nucleus --> pretectal nuclei --> superior colliculus
18.What is the conjunctiva?: Clear, transparent membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the eyelids and and
continues on to cover the front surface of the eyeball, except for the central clear portion of the outer eye (cornea).
19.What are the three types of conjunctiva?: 1) bulbar conjunctiva
2) palpebral conjunctiva
3) fornix conjunctiva
20.What is the bulbar conjunctiva?: This portion of the conjunctiva covers the anterior part of the sclera. The bulbar
conjunctiva stops at the junction between the sclera and cornea; it does not cover the cornea. (thin)
Contains goblet cells which secrete mucin.
, Ophthalmology
21.What is the palpebral conjunctiva?: This portion covers the inner surface of both the upper and lower eyelids.
(thick)
22.What is the fornix conjunctiva?: The transition portion, forming the junction between the posterior eyelid and
the eyeball.
23.What is the macula?: The central part of the retina, with the highest concen- tration of photoreceptors.
24.What is the fovea?: A small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the
field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.
25.What is the optic disc?: Is the collection point of the nerve fiber layer as it exits the eye:
- where the nerve fiber layer becomes the optic nerve
-where the central retinal artery enters the retina
-where the central retinal vein exits the retina
- Has a normal slight depression called the physiologic cup
- Is round or slightly ovoid
- Is about 1.5 millimeters in diameter
- Is called the blind spot
26.What are the three main layers of the retina?: 1) Nerve fiber layer (Ganglion cells)
2) Neural layer (Bipolar cells and photoreceptors)
3) Pigmented layer (Epithelial cells)
27.What is the tarsal plate?: The tarsal plate is a fibrous layer that gives the lids shape, strength, and a place for
muscles to attach.
28.What is the limbus?: The area where the conjunctiva starts at the edge of the cornea.
29.What are the three chambers of the eye?: 1) Anterior chamber (filled with aqueous humour)
2) Posterior chamber (filled with aqueous humour)
3) Vitreous chamber (filled with vitreous humour)
30.What are some characteristics of the pigmented layer of the retina?: Con- tains epithelial cells that absorb light
and store Vitamin A.
31.What is the choroid?: The choroid is a bed of blood vessels that lie right under the retina. The choroid supplies
nutrition to the outer one-third of the retina which includes the rod and cone photoreceptors.
32.What is the trabecular meshwork?: The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the
base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior
chamber.
33.Trabecular meshwork:
1. Which bones make up the orbit?: 1) Frontal
2) Zygomatic
3) Greater + Lesser Wing of Sphenoid
4) Maxilla
5) Lacrimal
6) Ethmoid
7) Palatine
2. What is the cornea?: Clear structure that vaults over pupil/iris
0.5 mm thick in center
Type I collagen fibers arranged REGULARLY, DEHYDRATED Avascular
3. What is the sclera?: White, opaque wall of the eye. Continuous with
cornea
Type I collagen fibers arranged more IRREGULARLY, HYDRATED
4. What is the anterior chamber?: Space between cornea and iris/pupil Filled with aqueous fluid
(produced in ciliary body, located posterior to iris)
5. What is the iris?: Pigmented, thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of
the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Contains sphincter and dilator muscles.
6. What are the canthi?: Either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet. More specifically, the inner
and outer canthi are, respectively, the medial and lateral ends/angles of the palpebral fissure.
7. What is the caruncle?: It is the small, pink, globular nodule at the inner corner (the medial canthus) of the eye. It
is made of skin covering sebaceous and sweat glands.
8. What is the orbital septum?: A membranous sheet that acts as the anterior boundary of the orbit. It extends
from the orbital rims to the eyelids. It forms the fibrous portion of the eyelids.
9. Location of orbital septum:
10.What is orbital fat?: Orbital fat lies posterior to the orbital septum and anterior to the levator aponeurosis (upper
lid) or the capsulopalpebral fascia (lower lid).
11.Orbital fat:
, Ophthalmology
12.What is the ciliary body?: The ciliary body is a circular band of muscle that is connected to and sits immediately
behind the iris
13.What does the ciliary body do?: 1. Controls lens shape by pulling or relaxing on the lens zonules.
2. Produces aqueous humor which fills the posterior and anterior chambers and provides nutrition for avascular tissues in
the eye such as the cornea.
14.What is the lens?: Proteinaceous structure located just posterior to pupil. Held in place by zonular fibers
(attached to ciliary body)
15.What is the vitreous body?: The vitreous body/humour is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the
retina of the eyeball. It keeps the center of the eye clear so that light can get to the retina and vision can begin. The gel
and its fluid allow oxygen and nutrients to flow from the front of the eye to the back of the eye. In youth, the vitreous
body is a shock absorber during eye movement, head movement, and physical exertions of the body. It is also rich in
anti-oxidants that protect the various parts of the eye.
16.What is the retina?: A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger
nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.
17.What is the optic nerve?: CNII - paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
Contains axons of ganglion cells in retina.
Extends intracranially from optic disc --> optic nerves--> optic chiasm --> optic tract
--> lateral geniculate nucleus --> pretectal nuclei --> superior colliculus
18.What is the conjunctiva?: Clear, transparent membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the eyelids and and
continues on to cover the front surface of the eyeball, except for the central clear portion of the outer eye (cornea).
19.What are the three types of conjunctiva?: 1) bulbar conjunctiva
2) palpebral conjunctiva
3) fornix conjunctiva
20.What is the bulbar conjunctiva?: This portion of the conjunctiva covers the anterior part of the sclera. The bulbar
conjunctiva stops at the junction between the sclera and cornea; it does not cover the cornea. (thin)
Contains goblet cells which secrete mucin.
, Ophthalmology
21.What is the palpebral conjunctiva?: This portion covers the inner surface of both the upper and lower eyelids.
(thick)
22.What is the fornix conjunctiva?: The transition portion, forming the junction between the posterior eyelid and
the eyeball.
23.What is the macula?: The central part of the retina, with the highest concen- tration of photoreceptors.
24.What is the fovea?: A small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the
field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.
25.What is the optic disc?: Is the collection point of the nerve fiber layer as it exits the eye:
- where the nerve fiber layer becomes the optic nerve
-where the central retinal artery enters the retina
-where the central retinal vein exits the retina
- Has a normal slight depression called the physiologic cup
- Is round or slightly ovoid
- Is about 1.5 millimeters in diameter
- Is called the blind spot
26.What are the three main layers of the retina?: 1) Nerve fiber layer (Ganglion cells)
2) Neural layer (Bipolar cells and photoreceptors)
3) Pigmented layer (Epithelial cells)
27.What is the tarsal plate?: The tarsal plate is a fibrous layer that gives the lids shape, strength, and a place for
muscles to attach.
28.What is the limbus?: The area where the conjunctiva starts at the edge of the cornea.
29.What are the three chambers of the eye?: 1) Anterior chamber (filled with aqueous humour)
2) Posterior chamber (filled with aqueous humour)
3) Vitreous chamber (filled with vitreous humour)
30.What are some characteristics of the pigmented layer of the retina?: Con- tains epithelial cells that absorb light
and store Vitamin A.
31.What is the choroid?: The choroid is a bed of blood vessels that lie right under the retina. The choroid supplies
nutrition to the outer one-third of the retina which includes the rod and cone photoreceptors.
32.What is the trabecular meshwork?: The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the
base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior
chamber.
33.Trabecular meshwork:
