1. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A) Inflammation
B) Cellular swelling
C) DNA fragmentation
D) Necrosis
Answer: C) DNA fragmentation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process characterized
by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and
membrane blebbing. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does not lead to
inflammation or cellular swelling.
2. Which of the following is primarily responsible for the vasodilation
seen in acute inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Cytokines
C) Prostaglandins
D) Complement proteins
Answer: A) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine is a potent vasodilator released during acute
inflammation, primarily from mast cells. It increases the permeability of
blood vessels and leads to redness and swelling.
3. What is the primary cause of the increased capillary permeability in
inflammation?
A) Increased hydrostatic pressure
B) Injury to the endothelial cells
,C) Release of prostaglandins
D) Activation of complement system
Answer: B) Injury to the endothelial cells
Rationale: During inflammation, endothelial cells of blood vessels are
damaged or activated, leading to gaps that increase capillary
permeability. This allows the movement of proteins, fluid, and immune
cells into the tissue, contributing to edema and the inflammatory
response.
4. Which of the following is the most important mediator of the
systemic response to inflammation?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
D) Leukotrienes
Answer: C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Rationale: TNF-α is a key cytokine in the systemic inflammatory
response. It promotes fever, anorexia, and the release of acute-phase
proteins, and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and
shock.
5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the immune
response in autoimmune diseases?
A) Autoimmune diseases involve the production of antibodies against
foreign antigens.
B) In autoimmune diseases, immune cells attack the body’s own tissues.
C) The body’s immune tolerance mechanisms are exaggerated in
, autoimmune diseases.
D) Autoimmune diseases only involve the innate immune system.
Answer: B) In autoimmune diseases, immune cells attack the body’s
own tissues.
Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system
mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own tissues. This occurs due
to a breakdown in immune tolerance mechanisms.
6. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in chronic
inflammation?
A) Neutrophil infiltration
B) Fibrosis
C) Formation of abscesses
D) Hyperemia
Answer: B) Fibrosis
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is marked by the presence of
lymphocytes, macrophages, and the formation of scar tissue or fibrosis.
Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is associated with
tissue repair and remodeling, often leading to long-term tissue damage.
7. Which of the following is a key feature of diabetic nephropathy?
A) Interstitial fibrosis and glomerular hypertrophy
B) Increased production of albumin in the urine (albuminuria)
C) Glomerular hyperfiltration
D) Increased capillary permeability in the kidneys
Answer: B) Increased production of albumin in the urine (albuminuria)
A) Inflammation
B) Cellular swelling
C) DNA fragmentation
D) Necrosis
Answer: C) DNA fragmentation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process characterized
by cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and
membrane blebbing. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does not lead to
inflammation or cellular swelling.
2. Which of the following is primarily responsible for the vasodilation
seen in acute inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Cytokines
C) Prostaglandins
D) Complement proteins
Answer: A) Histamine
Rationale: Histamine is a potent vasodilator released during acute
inflammation, primarily from mast cells. It increases the permeability of
blood vessels and leads to redness and swelling.
3. What is the primary cause of the increased capillary permeability in
inflammation?
A) Increased hydrostatic pressure
B) Injury to the endothelial cells
,C) Release of prostaglandins
D) Activation of complement system
Answer: B) Injury to the endothelial cells
Rationale: During inflammation, endothelial cells of blood vessels are
damaged or activated, leading to gaps that increase capillary
permeability. This allows the movement of proteins, fluid, and immune
cells into the tissue, contributing to edema and the inflammatory
response.
4. Which of the following is the most important mediator of the
systemic response to inflammation?
A) Nitric oxide
B) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
D) Leukotrienes
Answer: C) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Rationale: TNF-α is a key cytokine in the systemic inflammatory
response. It promotes fever, anorexia, and the release of acute-phase
proteins, and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and
shock.
5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the immune
response in autoimmune diseases?
A) Autoimmune diseases involve the production of antibodies against
foreign antigens.
B) In autoimmune diseases, immune cells attack the body’s own tissues.
C) The body’s immune tolerance mechanisms are exaggerated in
, autoimmune diseases.
D) Autoimmune diseases only involve the innate immune system.
Answer: B) In autoimmune diseases, immune cells attack the body’s
own tissues.
Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system
mistakenly targets and attacks the body's own tissues. This occurs due
to a breakdown in immune tolerance mechanisms.
6. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in chronic
inflammation?
A) Neutrophil infiltration
B) Fibrosis
C) Formation of abscesses
D) Hyperemia
Answer: B) Fibrosis
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is marked by the presence of
lymphocytes, macrophages, and the formation of scar tissue or fibrosis.
Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is associated with
tissue repair and remodeling, often leading to long-term tissue damage.
7. Which of the following is a key feature of diabetic nephropathy?
A) Interstitial fibrosis and glomerular hypertrophy
B) Increased production of albumin in the urine (albuminuria)
C) Glomerular hyperfiltration
D) Increased capillary permeability in the kidneys
Answer: B) Increased production of albumin in the urine (albuminuria)
