ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES COMBINED SET EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES COMBINED SET EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS resting membrane potential - Answer-ratio of K+ in ICF & ECF causes a ______on the cell membranes which affects neurmuscluar and cardiac cells and also controls excitability of muscles and affects heart contrations hypokalemia - Answer-serum potassium 3.5 mEQ/L reasons of hypokalemia - Answer-reduced potassium intake, GI losses through vomiting and NG suction, diarrhea, ileostomy, diuterics (especially loop) s/s hypokalemia - Answer-cardiac dysrhythmias, fatigu, anorexia, nausea+vomiting, weakness in legs, paresthesias anorexia - Answer-This condition causes death due to heart failure, fatal arrhythmias, fluid and electrolyte imbalances tx hypokalemia - Answer-potassium replacement, oral route preferred because there is less likelihood of dysrhthmias by can be IV- IV pump is needed at a steady rate, a central line is preferred because the hypertonic solution is very irritating to veins, can never be as an IV blus hyperkalemia - Answer-serum potassium5.3 mEQ/L reasons for hyperkalemia - Answer-kidney failure is the most common cause. Also K-spaing diuretics/ac inhibitors, escess intake of KCl especially through an IV, metabolic acidosis because K shifts out of cells and into venous system, or massive tissue injury s/s hyperkalemia - Answer-cramping pain in abdomen, muscle weakness in lowerr extremeties, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, irregular pulse, irritbality, anxiety tx for hyperkalemia - Answer-restricting potassium intake, loop diuretics, IV insulin +glucose(which forces K into the cells), Kayexelate(which binds to K), calcium gluconate through IV(which reduces membrane potential), or dialysis Kayexelate(polystyrene sulfonate) - Answer-medication that removes excess K from body, exchanges Na for K in GI tract, can cause fluid volume excess calcium - Answer-funcion of _is transmission of nerve impulses, myocardial contractions, blood clotting, formation of teeth & bone, and muscle contractions free(ionized), protein-bound, and complexed with phosphate, citrate or carbonate - Answer-Calcium is found in three forms. They are: vitamin d - Answer-What vitamin helps our body absorb calcium? parathyroid hormone(PTH), calcitonin and vit D - Answer-Calcium balance is maintained by_ pH, ionized - Answer-decreased__ decreases calcium binding to albumin, leading to more _calcium PTH - Answer-____increases bone resorption of calcium, GI absorption of calcium and renal tubule reabsorption of calcium calcitonin - Answer-opposes PTH hypercalcemia - Answer-condition caused by hyperparathyroidism in 2/3 of cases, malignancy in 1/3 of cases. The symptomes are reduced excitability of muscles and nerves, decreased memnory, confusion, disorientation, fatigue, muscle weakness, constipation, cardia dysrhythmias, and renal calculi treatment of hypercalcemia - Answer-loop diuretic(furosemide) and hydration with isotonic saline infusion, ml of fluid daily to avoid kidney stones hypocalcemia - Answer-a condition caused by anything that decreases PTH, low calcium in diet, sudden alkalosis, and laxative abuse, treatment is oral or IV supplement of Calcium +vit D and pain/anxiety control trousseaus sign - Answer-when taking BP, there is a carpal spasm due to low calcium chvosteks sign - Answer-tapping the face in front of the ear causes a facial spasm due to low calhypocalcemia phosphate - Answer-primary anion in ICF, would have a low value in lab tests, is essential for function of muscle, RBC and the nervouse system phosphate - Answer-______is deposited with calcium for bone and tooth structure, helps with the acid/base system, is balanced by the kidneys phosporus and calcium - Answer-a reciprocal relationship exists between serum_and_ hyperphosphatemia - Answer-condition caused by renal failure, chemo, excessive intake of milk or phosphate-containing laxatives, large intakes of vit D symptoms of hyperphosphatemia - Answer-calcified deposits in soft tissue, joint, arteries, skin, kidneys and corneas, also neuromuscular irritability and tetany treatment of hyperphosphatemia - Answer-restriction of foods high in phosphate (dairy foods), hydration, and correction of hypocalcemic conditions(because increased calcium causes renal excretion of phosphorus) hypophosphatemia - Answer-condition caused by malnourishment, malabsorption syndrome, alcoholism or use of phosphate binding antacids. Symptoms are impaired cellular energy, o2 delivery, CNS depression, mental changes, muscle weakness and pain and irregular heart beats treatment of hypophosphatemia - Answer-oral or IV phosphate supplements or foods rich in phosphate like cheese magnesium - Answer-50-60% of this is in bnone, it acts as a coenzyme in the metabolism of carbs and protein, also involved in cellular metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins, it is regulated by GI absorption & renal excretion intercellular magnesiu - Answer-______is critical to normal function of the sodium potassium pump hypermagnesemia - Answer-condition caused by increased intake of magnesium with accompanying renal insufficiency or failure. Symptoms are lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, loss of deep tendon reflexes, respiratory and cardiac arrest treatment for hypermagnesemia - Answer-IV calcium chloride or calcium gluconate (will oppose the effects of magnesium on cardiac muscle and promote urinary excretion) hypomagnesemia - Answer-condition caused by fasting, starvation, chronic alcoholism, uncontrolled diabetes, diuretics, GI track loss and prolonged parenteral nutrition without supplement. symptoms are confusion, increased deep tendon reflexes, tremors, seizures, and dysrhythmias treatment for hypomagnesemia - Answer-oral supplements or IV replacement and increased dietary intake of foods high in magnesium like green vegis, nuts, bananas, oranges, peanut butter, chocolate sodium, potassium - Answer-Na affects water distribution beween ECF & ICF. When ______is mainly in ECF, H20 balance is maintained. When _____is mainly in ICF, resting membrane potential is maintained Mg, Ca, PTH, Mg, Ca, K - Answer-____is critical to the normal function of Na/K pump, ____will oppose the affect of MG on cardiac muscle ____regulates both Ca & Mg balance