ANTA01 MIDTERM REVIEW
CHAPTER 1
The Biocultural Approach
-tracing the changing interaction between biology and culture of humans
-culture can be described as the strategy where people adapt to the natural and social environments in which
they live, ex: stone tools computers
-encultration: where individuals learn values and norms from family and society
What is Anthropology?
Cultural Anthropology
-the study of all aspects of human behaviour, rooted in the Enlightenment
-ethnographies: detailed study of human societies (study of non-western)
Physical Anthropology
-study of human biology
-comes with curiosity of how modern species came to be
-concerned with human variation because of adaptation
-knowledge of soft tissue anatomy and structure is important
-paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution
-osteology: study of the skeleton
-forensic anthropology: helps to identify skeletal remains or a where a body is found
Archaeology
-the study of human past through examtination and study of its material remains
-human activities and by-products enter the archaeological record, primary data source
Linguistic Anthropology
-study of human speech and language
-use of language shapes culture and perceptions; ex, a prof with a southern accent would seem exotic in
Australia but would not be taken seriously in an American university
The Scientific Method
-empirical: relying on experiment or observations, Latin meaning “experienced”
-hypothesis is made to explain observations
The Anthropological Perspective
MAIN THEME: how and why did humans become so successful?
-foods we eat derive from plants/animals but were not available for development 10,000 yrs ago
chewing and digesting were well established 10, 000 yrs ago
CHAPTER 2
Precursors of the Theory of Evolution
John Ray Carlous Jean-Baptiste Georges Thomas Charles Lyell
Linnaeus Lamarck Cuvier Mallthus
developed the established explain Introduced pop. size is argued that
concept of species; system of evolutionary extinction; limited by geological
first to recognize binomial process; catastrophism availability of processes in the
that groups can be nomenclature; environment theory, resources present are the
distinguished genus/species, change leads disaster which lead to same as those in
differently and class and to animal destroy life competition the past;
similarly based on order; basis of habits to and restock for food; uniformitarianism
abilities taxonomy change with new life
This study source was downloaded by 100000825037486 from CourseHero.com on 10-23-2024 10:16:09 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/21252303/midterm-review/
, James Hutton: modeled the earth as a self-regulating system; a cycle to the way things work
The Discovery of Natural Selection
Alfred Russell Wallace
-first to write about natural selection but did not publish his work
Charles Darwin
-known for the theory of natural selection
-transmutation: another word for evolution
Natural Selection
-the key to evolution
-the passing on of traits, which create a stronger species, and depending on the ability of the species to adapt
to changing environments
-example: gray moths camouflaged with tree trunks, black ones did not and therefore; eliminated by birds
who were the selective agent that applied selective pressure to moths
-cannot occur without population variation, can only act on traits that affect reproduction
Constraints on 19th Century Evolutionary Theory
-no one understood the source of variation; 1953, DNA was discovered
Opposition to Evolution
-most people are raised in belief systems that don’t emphasize biological continuity
-people want clear answers
CHAPTER 3
The Cell
-two types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
-the eukaryotic cell is a 3D structure that contains a variety of structures such as the nucleus
-nucleus contains 2 acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains other structures responsible for breaking down
nutrients, and protein synthesis
-another two types of cells: somatic, responsible for muscle/bone/skin/nerves/heart/brain, and gametes,
involved in reproduction
DNA Structure and Function
-DNA directs cellular functions and is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides: made of sugar, phosphate and one
of the four bases ATCG, key to how DNA works (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
DNA Replication
-replication enables organisms to grow and tissues to heal
-mitosis and meiosis
Protein Synthesis
-proteins are made up of amino acids, proteins are different depending on the number and arrangement of
amino acids (groups of 3 bases)
-the DNA provides instructions while the RNA reads and performs them
-the gene, is a sequence of DNA that is responsible for protein synthesis
-mutation is a change in DNA sequence
-regulatory genes make proteins other genes on and off
-homeobox/hox genes direct the segmentation of the overall body plan of embryonic development
This study source was downloaded by 100000825037486 from CourseHero.com on 10-23-2024 10:16:09 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/21252303/midterm-review/
CHAPTER 1
The Biocultural Approach
-tracing the changing interaction between biology and culture of humans
-culture can be described as the strategy where people adapt to the natural and social environments in which
they live, ex: stone tools computers
-encultration: where individuals learn values and norms from family and society
What is Anthropology?
Cultural Anthropology
-the study of all aspects of human behaviour, rooted in the Enlightenment
-ethnographies: detailed study of human societies (study of non-western)
Physical Anthropology
-study of human biology
-comes with curiosity of how modern species came to be
-concerned with human variation because of adaptation
-knowledge of soft tissue anatomy and structure is important
-paleoanthropology is the study of human evolution
-osteology: study of the skeleton
-forensic anthropology: helps to identify skeletal remains or a where a body is found
Archaeology
-the study of human past through examtination and study of its material remains
-human activities and by-products enter the archaeological record, primary data source
Linguistic Anthropology
-study of human speech and language
-use of language shapes culture and perceptions; ex, a prof with a southern accent would seem exotic in
Australia but would not be taken seriously in an American university
The Scientific Method
-empirical: relying on experiment or observations, Latin meaning “experienced”
-hypothesis is made to explain observations
The Anthropological Perspective
MAIN THEME: how and why did humans become so successful?
-foods we eat derive from plants/animals but were not available for development 10,000 yrs ago
chewing and digesting were well established 10, 000 yrs ago
CHAPTER 2
Precursors of the Theory of Evolution
John Ray Carlous Jean-Baptiste Georges Thomas Charles Lyell
Linnaeus Lamarck Cuvier Mallthus
developed the established explain Introduced pop. size is argued that
concept of species; system of evolutionary extinction; limited by geological
first to recognize binomial process; catastrophism availability of processes in the
that groups can be nomenclature; environment theory, resources present are the
distinguished genus/species, change leads disaster which lead to same as those in
differently and class and to animal destroy life competition the past;
similarly based on order; basis of habits to and restock for food; uniformitarianism
abilities taxonomy change with new life
This study source was downloaded by 100000825037486 from CourseHero.com on 10-23-2024 10:16:09 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/21252303/midterm-review/
, James Hutton: modeled the earth as a self-regulating system; a cycle to the way things work
The Discovery of Natural Selection
Alfred Russell Wallace
-first to write about natural selection but did not publish his work
Charles Darwin
-known for the theory of natural selection
-transmutation: another word for evolution
Natural Selection
-the key to evolution
-the passing on of traits, which create a stronger species, and depending on the ability of the species to adapt
to changing environments
-example: gray moths camouflaged with tree trunks, black ones did not and therefore; eliminated by birds
who were the selective agent that applied selective pressure to moths
-cannot occur without population variation, can only act on traits that affect reproduction
Constraints on 19th Century Evolutionary Theory
-no one understood the source of variation; 1953, DNA was discovered
Opposition to Evolution
-most people are raised in belief systems that don’t emphasize biological continuity
-people want clear answers
CHAPTER 3
The Cell
-two types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic
-the eukaryotic cell is a 3D structure that contains a variety of structures such as the nucleus
-nucleus contains 2 acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm which contains other structures responsible for breaking down
nutrients, and protein synthesis
-another two types of cells: somatic, responsible for muscle/bone/skin/nerves/heart/brain, and gametes,
involved in reproduction
DNA Structure and Function
-DNA directs cellular functions and is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides: made of sugar, phosphate and one
of the four bases ATCG, key to how DNA works (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
DNA Replication
-replication enables organisms to grow and tissues to heal
-mitosis and meiosis
Protein Synthesis
-proteins are made up of amino acids, proteins are different depending on the number and arrangement of
amino acids (groups of 3 bases)
-the DNA provides instructions while the RNA reads and performs them
-the gene, is a sequence of DNA that is responsible for protein synthesis
-mutation is a change in DNA sequence
-regulatory genes make proteins other genes on and off
-homeobox/hox genes direct the segmentation of the overall body plan of embryonic development
This study source was downloaded by 100000825037486 from CourseHero.com on 10-23-2024 10:16:09 GMT -05:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/21252303/midterm-review/
