FUNDAMENTALS OF NEUROSCIENCE
Partial exam 2
Femke te Dorsthorst
3-10-2022
,Inhoudsopgave
Tentamenstof Partial Exam 2 .................................................................................................................. 6
HC 1: Chr. 2 Electric signals of nerve cells............................................................................................... 7
The membrane .................................................................................................................................... 7
Potentials ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Types of neuronal electrical signals ................................................................................................ 7
Recording neuronal electrical signals ............................................................................................. 8
Neuronal electrical signals ................................................................................................................ 10
Molecular mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 10
Model system................................................................................................................................ 11
Ion movement................................................................................................................................... 11
Equilibrium potential ........................................................................................................................ 11
Example:........................................................................................................................................ 11
Physics ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Ohms law ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Kirchoff law ................................................................................................................................... 13
Membrane ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Ion channels ............................................................................................................................ 14clamp
Types of Ion channels.................................................................................................................... 15
Nernst equation ................................................................................................................................ 16
Equilibrium potential for sodium (Na+) ......................................................................................... 16
The Goldman equation: .................................................................................................................... 16
To calculate the equilibrium potential .......................................................................................... 17
Resting potential ............................................................................................................................... 18
Action potential ................................................................................................................................ 18
Goldman reduces to Nernst: ............................................................................................................. 18
Equilibrium potential = reversal potential ........................................................................................ 19
HC 2: Chr. 3 Membranes & channels .................................................................................................... 20
Neuroimaging.................................................................................................................................... 20
How the brain is built ........................................................................................................................ 20
Type of imaging experiments............................................................................................................ 20
History of physiology ........................................................................................................................ 21
Neurons............................................................................................................................................. 22
Propagation of action potential ........................................................................................................ 23
Graded potentials: ............................................................................................................................ 24
Voltage clamp ................................................................................................................................... 25
1
, Membrane permeability ................................................................................................................... 25
Voltage dependent ion currents ....................................................................................................... 26
Two types, early vs late:................................................................................................................ 26
Membrane conductance ............................................................................................................... 26
The action potential ...................................................................................................................... 27
Patch clamp recordings ..................................................................................................................... 27
Types: ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Current clamp: .................................................................................................................................. 29
HC 3: Techniques in neurophysiology In-Vivo recordings. ................................................................... 30
EEG .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Pyramidal vs interneuron.................................................................................................................. 30
Electrode recordings ......................................................................................................................... 31
Myelated axon vs non-myelated ...................................................................................................... 31
Firing latency of units in accumbens:................................................................................................ 31
Anatomical tracing ............................................................................................................................ 32
Orthodromic.................................................................................................................................. 32
Antidromic .................................................................................................................................... 32
Jitter .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Optogenetics ..................................................................................................................................... 33
2 optogenetic channels: ................................................................................................................ 34
Techniques in neurophysiology: Freely moving recordings.................................................................. 35
Freely moving recordings .................................................................................................................. 35
Place cells .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Place field: ..................................................................................................................................... 35
Grid cells............................................................................................................................................ 36
Advantage of tetrode recordings ...................................................................................................... 37
Nest cells ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Term .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Meaning ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Place cells .......................................................................................................................................... 37
The cell in the hippocampus fires only if the rat is in a specific location (place field). It matters how
the environment looks like, because it uses external cues to position the place field. ................... 37
Grid cells............................................................................................................................................ 37
Located in the entorhinal cortex and function like a coordinate system, but it does not care about
what the environment looks like ...................................................................................................... 37
2
, Nest cells ........................................................................................................................................... 37
The cells stop firing when the rat is in a small dish, because this is his nest. Location and context
firing in the hippocampus ................................................................................................................. 37
HC 4: Cognitive neurophysiology .......................................................................................................... 38
Animal Experiments .......................................................................................................................... 38
Tetrode recording ............................................................................................................................. 38
Working: Tetrode in hippocampal cell .......................................................................................... 39
Tetrode recording: Place field ....................................................................................................... 39
Prefrontal cortex ............................................................................................................................... 40
Attention ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Action of reuptake blockers .......................................................................................................... 41
Methylphenidate: PFC firing ............................................................................................................. 41
Experiment: measuring attention ..................................................................................................... 42
Parameters .................................................................................................................................... 42
Behavioural neurophysiology ........................................................................................................... 42
Excitatory responses ..................................................................................................................... 42
EEG ................................................................................................................................................ 43
HC 5: Ion channels and transporters .................................................................................................... 44
Underlying action potentials............................................................................................................. 44
Ion channels ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Sodium (Na+): ................................................................................................................................ 44
Potassium (K+): .............................................................................................................................. 44
Sodium & Potassium ..................................................................................................................... 45
Action potentials: .............................................................................................................................. 45
Sodium & potassium ..................................................................................................................... 45
Action potential: ............................................................................................................................... 45
How ion channels work: .................................................................................................................... 46
Potassium (K+): .............................................................................................................................. 46
Sodium (Na+) ................................................................................................................................. 46
Voltage-gated ion channels .......................................................................................................... 47
Ligand gated ion channels: ............................................................................................................... 48
Various: ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................ 48
Types: ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Synthesis and inactivation: ........................................................................................................... 49
Acetylcholine:.................................................................................................................................... 50
3
Partial exam 2
Femke te Dorsthorst
3-10-2022
,Inhoudsopgave
Tentamenstof Partial Exam 2 .................................................................................................................. 6
HC 1: Chr. 2 Electric signals of nerve cells............................................................................................... 7
The membrane .................................................................................................................................... 7
Potentials ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Types of neuronal electrical signals ................................................................................................ 7
Recording neuronal electrical signals ............................................................................................. 8
Neuronal electrical signals ................................................................................................................ 10
Molecular mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 10
Model system................................................................................................................................ 11
Ion movement................................................................................................................................... 11
Equilibrium potential ........................................................................................................................ 11
Example:........................................................................................................................................ 11
Physics ............................................................................................................................................... 12
Ohms law ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Kirchoff law ................................................................................................................................... 13
Membrane ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Ion channels ............................................................................................................................ 14clamp
Types of Ion channels.................................................................................................................... 15
Nernst equation ................................................................................................................................ 16
Equilibrium potential for sodium (Na+) ......................................................................................... 16
The Goldman equation: .................................................................................................................... 16
To calculate the equilibrium potential .......................................................................................... 17
Resting potential ............................................................................................................................... 18
Action potential ................................................................................................................................ 18
Goldman reduces to Nernst: ............................................................................................................. 18
Equilibrium potential = reversal potential ........................................................................................ 19
HC 2: Chr. 3 Membranes & channels .................................................................................................... 20
Neuroimaging.................................................................................................................................... 20
How the brain is built ........................................................................................................................ 20
Type of imaging experiments............................................................................................................ 20
History of physiology ........................................................................................................................ 21
Neurons............................................................................................................................................. 22
Propagation of action potential ........................................................................................................ 23
Graded potentials: ............................................................................................................................ 24
Voltage clamp ................................................................................................................................... 25
1
, Membrane permeability ................................................................................................................... 25
Voltage dependent ion currents ....................................................................................................... 26
Two types, early vs late:................................................................................................................ 26
Membrane conductance ............................................................................................................... 26
The action potential ...................................................................................................................... 27
Patch clamp recordings ..................................................................................................................... 27
Types: ............................................................................................................................................ 27
Current clamp: .................................................................................................................................. 29
HC 3: Techniques in neurophysiology In-Vivo recordings. ................................................................... 30
EEG .................................................................................................................................................... 30
Pyramidal vs interneuron.................................................................................................................. 30
Electrode recordings ......................................................................................................................... 31
Myelated axon vs non-myelated ...................................................................................................... 31
Firing latency of units in accumbens:................................................................................................ 31
Anatomical tracing ............................................................................................................................ 32
Orthodromic.................................................................................................................................. 32
Antidromic .................................................................................................................................... 32
Jitter .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Optogenetics ..................................................................................................................................... 33
2 optogenetic channels: ................................................................................................................ 34
Techniques in neurophysiology: Freely moving recordings.................................................................. 35
Freely moving recordings .................................................................................................................. 35
Place cells .......................................................................................................................................... 35
Place field: ..................................................................................................................................... 35
Grid cells............................................................................................................................................ 36
Advantage of tetrode recordings ...................................................................................................... 37
Nest cells ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Term .................................................................................................................................................. 37
Meaning ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Place cells .......................................................................................................................................... 37
The cell in the hippocampus fires only if the rat is in a specific location (place field). It matters how
the environment looks like, because it uses external cues to position the place field. ................... 37
Grid cells............................................................................................................................................ 37
Located in the entorhinal cortex and function like a coordinate system, but it does not care about
what the environment looks like ...................................................................................................... 37
2
, Nest cells ........................................................................................................................................... 37
The cells stop firing when the rat is in a small dish, because this is his nest. Location and context
firing in the hippocampus ................................................................................................................. 37
HC 4: Cognitive neurophysiology .......................................................................................................... 38
Animal Experiments .......................................................................................................................... 38
Tetrode recording ............................................................................................................................. 38
Working: Tetrode in hippocampal cell .......................................................................................... 39
Tetrode recording: Place field ....................................................................................................... 39
Prefrontal cortex ............................................................................................................................... 40
Attention ....................................................................................................................................... 40
Action of reuptake blockers .......................................................................................................... 41
Methylphenidate: PFC firing ............................................................................................................. 41
Experiment: measuring attention ..................................................................................................... 42
Parameters .................................................................................................................................... 42
Behavioural neurophysiology ........................................................................................................... 42
Excitatory responses ..................................................................................................................... 42
EEG ................................................................................................................................................ 43
HC 5: Ion channels and transporters .................................................................................................... 44
Underlying action potentials............................................................................................................. 44
Ion channels ...................................................................................................................................... 44
Sodium (Na+): ................................................................................................................................ 44
Potassium (K+): .............................................................................................................................. 44
Sodium & Potassium ..................................................................................................................... 45
Action potentials: .............................................................................................................................. 45
Sodium & potassium ..................................................................................................................... 45
Action potential: ............................................................................................................................... 45
How ion channels work: .................................................................................................................... 46
Potassium (K+): .............................................................................................................................. 46
Sodium (Na+) ................................................................................................................................. 46
Voltage-gated ion channels .......................................................................................................... 47
Ligand gated ion channels: ............................................................................................................... 48
Various: ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Neurotransmitters ............................................................................................................................ 48
Types: ............................................................................................................................................ 48
Synthesis and inactivation: ........................................................................................................... 49
Acetylcholine:.................................................................................................................................... 50
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