European law: table of contents
1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................5
2 The creation of the EU (p. 7-22)...............................................................................................5
2.1 The first Treaties................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Early forms of cooperation.........................................................................................6
2.1.2 Schuman Declaration 9 May 1950..............................................................................6
2.1.3 Treaty of Paris 1951....................................................................................................6
2.1.4 Failed moves towards European Defence and Political communities.......................7
2.1.5 Treaties of Rome 1957................................................................................................7
2.1.6 The European Communities.......................................................................................7
2.2 Developments up to the Single European Act..................................................................8
2.2.1 The Merger Treaty 1965.............................................................................................8
2.2.2 Luxembourg Compromise..........................................................................................8
2.2.3 Transitional period ended...........................................................................................8
2.2.4 The Single European Act 1986....................................................................................8
2.2.5 Growth of role European Parliament.........................................................................9
2.2.6 Historical development...............................................................................................9
2.3 The Treaty on European Union 1992................................................................................9
2.3.1 Changes to the original EEC Treaty.............................................................................9
2.3.2 Creation of the European Union: 3 pillars..................................................................9
2.4 The Amsterdam Treaty 1997...........................................................................................10
2.5 The Treaty of Nice 2000..................................................................................................11
2.5.1 Charter of fundamental rights..................................................................................11
2.6 A draft constitution for Europe.......................................................................................11
2.7 The Treaty of Lisbon........................................................................................................11
2.8 The Fiscal Compact Treaty (FCT).....................................................................................12
2.9 EU enlargement...............................................................................................................12
2.9.1 Timeline....................................................................................................................12
2.9.2 Accession procedure.................................................................................................13
2.10 EU today and in the future............................................................................................13
2.11 Withdrawal: Brexit........................................................................................................13
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, 2.12 Power sharing in the EU................................................................................................14
2.12.1 Systems of governance...........................................................................................14
3 Who runs the EU? (p. 33-57)..................................................................................................15
3.1 Power sharing in the EU..................................................................................................15
3.1.1 Vertical division of powers.......................................................................................15
3.2 The institutional structure of the EU...............................................................................19
3.2.1 Horizontal division of powers...................................................................................19
3.2.2 The commission (Art 17 TEU and 244 to 250 TFEU).................................................24
3.2.3 The court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)..................................................25
3.2.4 European Central Bank.............................................................................................26
3.2.5 Court of Auditors......................................................................................................26
3.2.6 Other bodies.............................................................................................................26
3.2.7 The Institutions matched with their functions/competences..................................27
3.2.8 Institutional structure and balance within the EU...................................................27
4 Sources of Union Law.............................................................................................................30
4.1 Primary sources of EU law...............................................................................................30
4.1.1 The Treaties..............................................................................................................30
4.2 General principles of Union law......................................................................................32
4.2.1 General principles and fundamental rights..............................................................32
4.3 Secondary sources of EU law..........................................................................................32
4.3.1 Secondary legislation................................................................................................32
4.3.2 Case law of the CJEU.................................................................................................35
4.3.3 International agreement..........................................................................................35
4.3.4 Conclusion.................................................................................................................35
5 The relationship between Union law and national legal systems.........................................36
5.1 The doctrines of direct effect and supremacy................................................................36
5.1.1 Supremacy................................................................................................................36
5.1.2 Direct effect..............................................................................................................38
5.2 State liability for damages...............................................................................................45
5.2.1 State liability for damages (directives).....................................................................45
5.2.2 State liability for damages (general).........................................................................45
5.2.3 A ‘sufficiently serious’ breach...................................................................................46
6 Enforcing Union law...............................................................................................................47
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, 6.1 National courts and preliminary rulings..........................................................................47
6.1.1 Decentralised enforcement......................................................................................47
6.1.2 Preliminary rulings....................................................................................................48
6.1.3 Decentralised enforcement......................................................................................49
6.2 Enforcement action against MS......................................................................................50
6.2.1 Effectiveness of Infringement Procedures...............................................................51
6.3 Enforcement actions against EU institutions..................................................................51
6.3.1 Actions against EU institutions.................................................................................51
7 Free movement of goods.......................................................................................................55
7.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................55
7.2 Free movement of goods................................................................................................56
7.3 How free movement of goods work...............................................................................56
7.4 Steps of analysis..............................................................................................................56
7.4.1 1. Scope.....................................................................................................................56
7.4.2 Scope 1b: steps of analysis.......................................................................................57
7.5 I Tariff barriers.................................................................................................................58
7.5.1 Situations..................................................................................................................58
7.5.2 Steps of analysis scope 1b........................................................................................58
7.5.3 (2) Prohibition: CD & CEE..........................................................................................59
7.5.4 (2) Prohibition: Internal taxation..............................................................................59
7.5.5 (4) Enforcement: Tariff barriers................................................................................61
7.6 II. Non-tariff barriers........................................................................................................62
7.6.1 Steps of analysis scope 1b........................................................................................63
7.6.2 (2) Product requirements.........................................................................................64
7.6.3 (2) restrictions on use...............................................................................................64
7.6.4 (2) Selling arrangements...........................................................................................65
7.6.5 3 steps of justification...............................................................................................66
7.6.6 (3) Justifications of article 36 TFEU...........................................................................67
8 EU Climate Action...................................................................................................................68
8.1 The Environment.............................................................................................................68
8.2 Union action: legal base..................................................................................................68
8.3 Union action and regional flexibility...............................................................................69
8.4 Union action....................................................................................................................69
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, 8.5 Member States’ action....................................................................................................70
8.5.1 Making the EU climate neutral by 2025...................................................................70
8.5.2 Launch.......................................................................................................................70
8.5.3 Legal value................................................................................................................70
8.5.4 Main goals.................................................................................................................70
8.6 International obligations.................................................................................................71
8.6.1 Paris agreement........................................................................................................71
8.6.2 Multi-layered obligations..........................................................................................71
8.6.3 How to respect international obligations and human rights?..................................73
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1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................5
2 The creation of the EU (p. 7-22)...............................................................................................5
2.1 The first Treaties................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Early forms of cooperation.........................................................................................6
2.1.2 Schuman Declaration 9 May 1950..............................................................................6
2.1.3 Treaty of Paris 1951....................................................................................................6
2.1.4 Failed moves towards European Defence and Political communities.......................7
2.1.5 Treaties of Rome 1957................................................................................................7
2.1.6 The European Communities.......................................................................................7
2.2 Developments up to the Single European Act..................................................................8
2.2.1 The Merger Treaty 1965.............................................................................................8
2.2.2 Luxembourg Compromise..........................................................................................8
2.2.3 Transitional period ended...........................................................................................8
2.2.4 The Single European Act 1986....................................................................................8
2.2.5 Growth of role European Parliament.........................................................................9
2.2.6 Historical development...............................................................................................9
2.3 The Treaty on European Union 1992................................................................................9
2.3.1 Changes to the original EEC Treaty.............................................................................9
2.3.2 Creation of the European Union: 3 pillars..................................................................9
2.4 The Amsterdam Treaty 1997...........................................................................................10
2.5 The Treaty of Nice 2000..................................................................................................11
2.5.1 Charter of fundamental rights..................................................................................11
2.6 A draft constitution for Europe.......................................................................................11
2.7 The Treaty of Lisbon........................................................................................................11
2.8 The Fiscal Compact Treaty (FCT).....................................................................................12
2.9 EU enlargement...............................................................................................................12
2.9.1 Timeline....................................................................................................................12
2.9.2 Accession procedure.................................................................................................13
2.10 EU today and in the future............................................................................................13
2.11 Withdrawal: Brexit........................................................................................................13
Pagina 1 van 74
, 2.12 Power sharing in the EU................................................................................................14
2.12.1 Systems of governance...........................................................................................14
3 Who runs the EU? (p. 33-57)..................................................................................................15
3.1 Power sharing in the EU..................................................................................................15
3.1.1 Vertical division of powers.......................................................................................15
3.2 The institutional structure of the EU...............................................................................19
3.2.1 Horizontal division of powers...................................................................................19
3.2.2 The commission (Art 17 TEU and 244 to 250 TFEU).................................................24
3.2.3 The court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)..................................................25
3.2.4 European Central Bank.............................................................................................26
3.2.5 Court of Auditors......................................................................................................26
3.2.6 Other bodies.............................................................................................................26
3.2.7 The Institutions matched with their functions/competences..................................27
3.2.8 Institutional structure and balance within the EU...................................................27
4 Sources of Union Law.............................................................................................................30
4.1 Primary sources of EU law...............................................................................................30
4.1.1 The Treaties..............................................................................................................30
4.2 General principles of Union law......................................................................................32
4.2.1 General principles and fundamental rights..............................................................32
4.3 Secondary sources of EU law..........................................................................................32
4.3.1 Secondary legislation................................................................................................32
4.3.2 Case law of the CJEU.................................................................................................35
4.3.3 International agreement..........................................................................................35
4.3.4 Conclusion.................................................................................................................35
5 The relationship between Union law and national legal systems.........................................36
5.1 The doctrines of direct effect and supremacy................................................................36
5.1.1 Supremacy................................................................................................................36
5.1.2 Direct effect..............................................................................................................38
5.2 State liability for damages...............................................................................................45
5.2.1 State liability for damages (directives).....................................................................45
5.2.2 State liability for damages (general).........................................................................45
5.2.3 A ‘sufficiently serious’ breach...................................................................................46
6 Enforcing Union law...............................................................................................................47
Pagina 2 van 74
, 6.1 National courts and preliminary rulings..........................................................................47
6.1.1 Decentralised enforcement......................................................................................47
6.1.2 Preliminary rulings....................................................................................................48
6.1.3 Decentralised enforcement......................................................................................49
6.2 Enforcement action against MS......................................................................................50
6.2.1 Effectiveness of Infringement Procedures...............................................................51
6.3 Enforcement actions against EU institutions..................................................................51
6.3.1 Actions against EU institutions.................................................................................51
7 Free movement of goods.......................................................................................................55
7.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................55
7.2 Free movement of goods................................................................................................56
7.3 How free movement of goods work...............................................................................56
7.4 Steps of analysis..............................................................................................................56
7.4.1 1. Scope.....................................................................................................................56
7.4.2 Scope 1b: steps of analysis.......................................................................................57
7.5 I Tariff barriers.................................................................................................................58
7.5.1 Situations..................................................................................................................58
7.5.2 Steps of analysis scope 1b........................................................................................58
7.5.3 (2) Prohibition: CD & CEE..........................................................................................59
7.5.4 (2) Prohibition: Internal taxation..............................................................................59
7.5.5 (4) Enforcement: Tariff barriers................................................................................61
7.6 II. Non-tariff barriers........................................................................................................62
7.6.1 Steps of analysis scope 1b........................................................................................63
7.6.2 (2) Product requirements.........................................................................................64
7.6.3 (2) restrictions on use...............................................................................................64
7.6.4 (2) Selling arrangements...........................................................................................65
7.6.5 3 steps of justification...............................................................................................66
7.6.6 (3) Justifications of article 36 TFEU...........................................................................67
8 EU Climate Action...................................................................................................................68
8.1 The Environment.............................................................................................................68
8.2 Union action: legal base..................................................................................................68
8.3 Union action and regional flexibility...............................................................................69
8.4 Union action....................................................................................................................69
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, 8.5 Member States’ action....................................................................................................70
8.5.1 Making the EU climate neutral by 2025...................................................................70
8.5.2 Launch.......................................................................................................................70
8.5.3 Legal value................................................................................................................70
8.5.4 Main goals.................................................................................................................70
8.6 International obligations.................................................................................................71
8.6.1 Paris agreement........................................................................................................71
8.6.2 Multi-layered obligations..........................................................................................71
8.6.3 How to respect international obligations and human rights?..................................73
Pagina 4 van 74
