MSN 570 Patho Midterm Exam Review

Respiratory zone - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli What does the Respiratory Zone do? - Allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2 Conducting Zone - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles What does conducting zone do? - conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air Most common cancer mutation? - Acquired What does anticholinergic mean? - blockade of muscarinic receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle movements and various bodily functions What does dopamine do? - influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to communicate and control movement. What does messenger RNA do? - Transcribes information from the DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the ribosome. Single-stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions for making proteins. What do ribosomes do? - Make proteins (protein synthesis) Neurotransmitters - chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses - Acetylcholine and nitric oxide Atropine Neurotransmitters - Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on the heart, which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block. Therefore, atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus rhythm and reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences. alpha adreneric receptors - Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers - -Blocks NE/Epi effects on heart - less Ca++ entry -Decreases force of cardiac contractions What do anticholinergics do? - Decrease the activity of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter that regulates movement) Atropine - muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic) beta-adrenergic receptors - Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation. alpha-adrenergic receptors - Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels. arachnoid meninges - middle layer - network of fibers and collagen that are part of the suspension system that helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact arachnoid meninges layer function - contains spinal fluid - connects dura mater and pia mater. network of fibers and collagen that are part of the suspension system that helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact Blood Brian Barrier - The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen. glial support cells - similar to astroglia of the brain rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system