ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Levels of Structural
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Organization
1. Chemical Level
- Studies the structure of body parts and their
2. Cellular Level
relationships to one another.
3. Tissue Level
- Means “to dissect”, or cut apart, and separate.
- Four types:
- Static
1. Epithelial
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy 2. Connective
- The study of LARGE body structures visible to 3. Muscle
the naked eye. 4. Nervous
Types of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy: 4. Organ Level
- Systemic Anatomy (by systems) 5. Organ System Level
- Regional Anatomy (by areas/regions) 6. Organismal Level
- Surface Anatomy (The study of internal structures
as they relate to the overlying skin surface)
Organ Systems
Developmental Anatomy - Are interrelated and synergistic in order to
- Traces structural changes that occur maintain life.
throughout the life span.
- Ex. Embryology
Integumentary System
- Forms external body covering
Microscopic Anatomy - Protects deeper tissues
- deals with structures too small to be seen - Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
with the naked eye. cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors,
- Ex. Cytology (Study of cells), Histology (Study of and sweat and oil glands.
tissues)
Muscular System
Physiology - Allows manipulation of the environment
- Concerns the function of the body, in other - Locomotion
words, how the body parts work and carry out
their life-sustaining activities. Skeletal System
- Dynamic - Protects and supports
- Provides framework
PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY
Nervous System
OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Control system
- Anatomy and Physiology are really inseparable
- Responds to internal & external changes
because function always reflects structure.
Endocrine System
The Six Characteristics of Life - Glands secrete Hormones
1. Organization - For growth, reproduction, and nutrient use
2. Metabolism (metabolism)
- Ability to use energy.
Cardiovascular System
3. Responsiveness
- Transport blood, which carries nutrients,
4. Growth
oxygen, etc.
5. Development
6. Reproduction Lymphatic System
- Disposes of debris in the Lymphatic
stream
- Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels
Prepared by: Ilenatics
,ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
- For immune response Excretion
- Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) - Remove waste products
Respiratory System
- Constantly supplies oxygen
- Removes Carbon dioxide Reproduction
- Occurs both at a:
Digestive System o Cellular Level
- Breaks down food into smaller absorbable o Organismal Level
units
Growth
Urinary System - Increase in size of a body part or the
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the organism as a whole (Micro/Macro Level).
body. - Construction OUT-PACES destruction
- Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-
Examples:
base balance of the blood.
1. Hypertrophy (Increase cell size)
Reproductive System 2. Hyperplasia (Increase no. of cells)
- To produce offspring
Necessary Life Functions of Survival Needs of a Human
1. Nutrients
Organ Systems 2. Oxygen
3. Water (ps.50-60% of body weight is H2O)
Maintains Boundaries 4. Heat (Normal temp.= 37°C/ 98.6°F)
- Ex. Plasma membrane (Separates - If temp. is <normal,
intracellular from intracellular fluid) o Metabolism SLOWS DOWN
- If temp. is >normal,
Protective Nature
o Metabolism is TOO RAPID
- Heat
5. Atmospheric Pressure
- Dehydration
- Toxins
- Pathogens HOMEOSTASIS
- The state of balance/equilibrium among all
Movement the body systems.
- Ability to manipulate external environment - The ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the
Responsiveness outside world changes continuously.
- Ability to sense stimuli and respond to - Coined by Walter Cannon
them. - Accomplished by NERVOUS &
- May or may not be involuntary (withdrawal
ENDOCRINE systems though:
reflex) o Neural electric impulses
Digestion o Blood-borne hormones
- Ability to breakdown ingested food into The Four Components of
simpler molecules.
Homeostasis:
Metabolism (“a state of change”) - The variable is the factor or event being
- Chemical reactions that occur in the body regulated.
Types: 1. Stimulus (Changes)
- Anabolism (Build-up) - Anything your body perceives
- Catabolism (Breakdown) - Ex. Raised temperature
Prepared by: Ilenatics
,ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Body Positions:
2. Sensor / Affector / Receptor
SUPINE Position
- Senses the stimulus
- Sends input through the AFFERENT - Lying face upward
PATHWAY to the control center.
PRONE Position
- Lying face downward
3. Control Center
- Determines the set point, which is the
level (or range of levels) at which a
variable is to be maintained. Directional Terms
- Processes the info SUPERIOR
- Sends output/information to the effector - AKA Cranial / Cephalad
through the EFFERENT PATHWAY. - Above, or Up
4. Effector INFERIOR
- Carries out the control center’s response - AKA Caudal
to the stimuli - Below or Down
- Produces the effect after sensing
ANTERIOR
Types of Feedback -
-
AKA Ventral
Front of the body
Negative Feedback Mechanism - Front part of an area of the body based on
- Shuts off the original effect of the stimulus. the anatomical position
- Direction is OPPOSITE to the initial
change. POSTERIOR
- Examples: - AKA Dorsal
o Regulation of Body Temp. (ps. Ur - Back of the body
hypothalamus is ur body’s - Back part of an area of the body based on
thermoregulator)
the anatomical position
o Withdrawal Reflex
o Hormonal Negative FB Mechanism MEDIAL
(control of blood sugar by insulin)
- Towards the midline
Positive Feedback Mechanism
LATERAL
- Enhances the original stimulus so that
- Away from the midline
further responses are even greater.
- SAME direction to the initial change. INTERMEDIATE
- Often referred to as cascades (“to fall”),
- Between two structures
similar to a waterfall
- Examples: PROXIMAL
o Child birth
- Closer to a reference
o Blood clotting
- Mainly used for limbs
Anatomical Position DISTAL
- A person standing erect - Farther to a reference
- Face directed forward - Mainly used for limbs
- Arms hanging to the sides
SUPERFICIAL
- Palms of the hands facing forward
- A structure closer to the surface of the
body
Prepared by: Ilenatics
, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
DEEP Right-Lower Quadrant Left-Lower Quadrant
- A structure closer to the surface of the
body.
The Organs in Every Region:
Right - Liver
Hypochondriac - Right Kidney (Upper)
Planes and Sections of the Region - Gallbladder
- Small intestine
Body - Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
Planes: Epigastric Region - Esophagus
1. Midsagittal / Sagittal Plane - Stomach
- Separates into left and right parts - Liver
- Sagittal (means “flight of an arrow") - Spleen
- Common type: - Pancreas
- Small intestine
o Median Plane (Divides the body
- Transverse colon
into two equal parts) - Right and left kidneys
2. Frontal / Coronal Plane - Right and left ureters
- Divides the body into anterior and - Right and left Adrenal
posterior parts glands
- Coronal (“crown”) Left Hypochondriac - Stomach
3. Transverse / Horizontal Plane Region - Liver’s top left lobe
- Runs parallel to the surface of the ground - Spleen
- Left kidney
- Divides into superior and inferior parts
- Pancreas’ tail
- Jejunum
Organ Sectioning - Transverse colon
1. Longitudinal Section - Descending colon
- Cut through the long axis of the organ Right Lumbar - Lower part of the right
2. Transverse Section Region lobe liver
- AKA Cross section - Gallbladder
- Cut is right angle to the long axis of the - Small intestine
organ - Ascending colon
- Part of the right
3. Oblique Section
kidney
- Cut is an angle other than 90° to the long - Stomach
Umbilical Region
axis - Pancreas
- Small intestine
Abdominopelvic Quadrants -
-
Transverse colon
Right and left ureters
and Regions -
-
Cisterna chyli
Medial parts of the
lower right and left
kidneys.
Left Lumbar Region - Portion of the small
intestine
- Part of the
descending colon
- Part of the left kidney
Right Iliac Region - Small intestine
- Vermiform appendix
- Cecum
- Right ovary & right
uterine (fallopian) tube
Quadrants: - Ascending colon
Right-Upper Quadrant Left-Upper Quadrant Hypogastric Region - Small intestine
- Sigmoid colon
Prepared by: Ilenatics
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Levels of Structural
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
Organization
1. Chemical Level
- Studies the structure of body parts and their
2. Cellular Level
relationships to one another.
3. Tissue Level
- Means “to dissect”, or cut apart, and separate.
- Four types:
- Static
1. Epithelial
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy 2. Connective
- The study of LARGE body structures visible to 3. Muscle
the naked eye. 4. Nervous
Types of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy: 4. Organ Level
- Systemic Anatomy (by systems) 5. Organ System Level
- Regional Anatomy (by areas/regions) 6. Organismal Level
- Surface Anatomy (The study of internal structures
as they relate to the overlying skin surface)
Organ Systems
Developmental Anatomy - Are interrelated and synergistic in order to
- Traces structural changes that occur maintain life.
throughout the life span.
- Ex. Embryology
Integumentary System
- Forms external body covering
Microscopic Anatomy - Protects deeper tissues
- deals with structures too small to be seen - Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses
with the naked eye. cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors,
- Ex. Cytology (Study of cells), Histology (Study of and sweat and oil glands.
tissues)
Muscular System
Physiology - Allows manipulation of the environment
- Concerns the function of the body, in other - Locomotion
words, how the body parts work and carry out
their life-sustaining activities. Skeletal System
- Dynamic - Protects and supports
- Provides framework
PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY
Nervous System
OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Control system
- Anatomy and Physiology are really inseparable
- Responds to internal & external changes
because function always reflects structure.
Endocrine System
The Six Characteristics of Life - Glands secrete Hormones
1. Organization - For growth, reproduction, and nutrient use
2. Metabolism (metabolism)
- Ability to use energy.
Cardiovascular System
3. Responsiveness
- Transport blood, which carries nutrients,
4. Growth
oxygen, etc.
5. Development
6. Reproduction Lymphatic System
- Disposes of debris in the Lymphatic
stream
- Picks up leaked fluid from blood vessels
Prepared by: Ilenatics
,ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
- For immune response Excretion
- Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) - Remove waste products
Respiratory System
- Constantly supplies oxygen
- Removes Carbon dioxide Reproduction
- Occurs both at a:
Digestive System o Cellular Level
- Breaks down food into smaller absorbable o Organismal Level
units
Growth
Urinary System - Increase in size of a body part or the
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the organism as a whole (Micro/Macro Level).
body. - Construction OUT-PACES destruction
- Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-
Examples:
base balance of the blood.
1. Hypertrophy (Increase cell size)
Reproductive System 2. Hyperplasia (Increase no. of cells)
- To produce offspring
Necessary Life Functions of Survival Needs of a Human
1. Nutrients
Organ Systems 2. Oxygen
3. Water (ps.50-60% of body weight is H2O)
Maintains Boundaries 4. Heat (Normal temp.= 37°C/ 98.6°F)
- Ex. Plasma membrane (Separates - If temp. is <normal,
intracellular from intracellular fluid) o Metabolism SLOWS DOWN
- If temp. is >normal,
Protective Nature
o Metabolism is TOO RAPID
- Heat
5. Atmospheric Pressure
- Dehydration
- Toxins
- Pathogens HOMEOSTASIS
- The state of balance/equilibrium among all
Movement the body systems.
- Ability to manipulate external environment - The ability to maintain relatively stable
internal conditions even though the
Responsiveness outside world changes continuously.
- Ability to sense stimuli and respond to - Coined by Walter Cannon
them. - Accomplished by NERVOUS &
- May or may not be involuntary (withdrawal
ENDOCRINE systems though:
reflex) o Neural electric impulses
Digestion o Blood-borne hormones
- Ability to breakdown ingested food into The Four Components of
simpler molecules.
Homeostasis:
Metabolism (“a state of change”) - The variable is the factor or event being
- Chemical reactions that occur in the body regulated.
Types: 1. Stimulus (Changes)
- Anabolism (Build-up) - Anything your body perceives
- Catabolism (Breakdown) - Ex. Raised temperature
Prepared by: Ilenatics
,ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
Body Positions:
2. Sensor / Affector / Receptor
SUPINE Position
- Senses the stimulus
- Sends input through the AFFERENT - Lying face upward
PATHWAY to the control center.
PRONE Position
- Lying face downward
3. Control Center
- Determines the set point, which is the
level (or range of levels) at which a
variable is to be maintained. Directional Terms
- Processes the info SUPERIOR
- Sends output/information to the effector - AKA Cranial / Cephalad
through the EFFERENT PATHWAY. - Above, or Up
4. Effector INFERIOR
- Carries out the control center’s response - AKA Caudal
to the stimuli - Below or Down
- Produces the effect after sensing
ANTERIOR
Types of Feedback -
-
AKA Ventral
Front of the body
Negative Feedback Mechanism - Front part of an area of the body based on
- Shuts off the original effect of the stimulus. the anatomical position
- Direction is OPPOSITE to the initial
change. POSTERIOR
- Examples: - AKA Dorsal
o Regulation of Body Temp. (ps. Ur - Back of the body
hypothalamus is ur body’s - Back part of an area of the body based on
thermoregulator)
the anatomical position
o Withdrawal Reflex
o Hormonal Negative FB Mechanism MEDIAL
(control of blood sugar by insulin)
- Towards the midline
Positive Feedback Mechanism
LATERAL
- Enhances the original stimulus so that
- Away from the midline
further responses are even greater.
- SAME direction to the initial change. INTERMEDIATE
- Often referred to as cascades (“to fall”),
- Between two structures
similar to a waterfall
- Examples: PROXIMAL
o Child birth
- Closer to a reference
o Blood clotting
- Mainly used for limbs
Anatomical Position DISTAL
- A person standing erect - Farther to a reference
- Face directed forward - Mainly used for limbs
- Arms hanging to the sides
SUPERFICIAL
- Palms of the hands facing forward
- A structure closer to the surface of the
body
Prepared by: Ilenatics
, ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-J
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
DEEP Right-Lower Quadrant Left-Lower Quadrant
- A structure closer to the surface of the
body.
The Organs in Every Region:
Right - Liver
Hypochondriac - Right Kidney (Upper)
Planes and Sections of the Region - Gallbladder
- Small intestine
Body - Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
Planes: Epigastric Region - Esophagus
1. Midsagittal / Sagittal Plane - Stomach
- Separates into left and right parts - Liver
- Sagittal (means “flight of an arrow") - Spleen
- Common type: - Pancreas
- Small intestine
o Median Plane (Divides the body
- Transverse colon
into two equal parts) - Right and left kidneys
2. Frontal / Coronal Plane - Right and left ureters
- Divides the body into anterior and - Right and left Adrenal
posterior parts glands
- Coronal (“crown”) Left Hypochondriac - Stomach
3. Transverse / Horizontal Plane Region - Liver’s top left lobe
- Runs parallel to the surface of the ground - Spleen
- Left kidney
- Divides into superior and inferior parts
- Pancreas’ tail
- Jejunum
Organ Sectioning - Transverse colon
1. Longitudinal Section - Descending colon
- Cut through the long axis of the organ Right Lumbar - Lower part of the right
2. Transverse Section Region lobe liver
- AKA Cross section - Gallbladder
- Cut is right angle to the long axis of the - Small intestine
organ - Ascending colon
- Part of the right
3. Oblique Section
kidney
- Cut is an angle other than 90° to the long - Stomach
Umbilical Region
axis - Pancreas
- Small intestine
Abdominopelvic Quadrants -
-
Transverse colon
Right and left ureters
and Regions -
-
Cisterna chyli
Medial parts of the
lower right and left
kidneys.
Left Lumbar Region - Portion of the small
intestine
- Part of the
descending colon
- Part of the left kidney
Right Iliac Region - Small intestine
- Vermiform appendix
- Cecum
- Right ovary & right
uterine (fallopian) tube
Quadrants: - Ascending colon
Right-Upper Quadrant Left-Upper Quadrant Hypogastric Region - Small intestine
- Sigmoid colon
Prepared by: Ilenatics
