MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions and Answers

Nephrotic syndrome - characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory. Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - Lesions that involve all or most ( 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some ( 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis). Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion ( 50%) of the glomerulus is affected. Glomerulonephritis - An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms. Nephritic syndrome - Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation. 1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine-- Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which mediate the damage Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule. sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis. necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - refers to cellular death. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50. Bladder cancer - cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is hematuria Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - History