Selected Lecture Notes
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System (Part 1)
I. The Respiratory System
A. The major function of the respiratory system is respiration.
1. Along with the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system
supplies the body with O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of
CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration.
2. The respiratory system also functions in olfaction and speech.
B. The four processes of respiration involve both the respiratory and
circulatory systems.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)-
movement of air into and out Respiratory
of lungs System
External respiration-O2 and CO2
exchange between lungs and blood
Transport-O2 and CO2 in blood
Circulatory
Internal respiration-O2 and CO2 System exchange
between systemic blood
vessels and tissues
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with
oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. To accomplish this function, at least
four processes, collectively called respiration, must happen:
1. PULMONARY VENTILATION (commonly called breathing): Air is
moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration) so
the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed.
2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the
blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs.
, 3. TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES: Oxygen is transported from
the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is
transported from the tissue cells to the lungs. The cardiovascular
system accomplishes this transport using blood as the transporting
fluid.
4. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells,
and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood.
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their smaller branches
Lungs
Alveoli
II. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
A. The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal
sinuses; pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi and their branches; and the
lungs, which contain tiny air sacs, the alveoli.
1. Functionally, the system has two zones:
a. the respiratory zone, composed of the respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, and alveoli, is the site of gas exchange
b. the conducting zone consists of all other respiratory passageways;
is composed of structures that are conduits to gas exchange sites
c. the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles promote ventilation
(breathing)
B. The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Nose:
(1) provides an airway for respiration
,(2) moistens and warms entering air
(3) filters and cleans inspired air
(4) serves as a resonating chamber for speech
(5) houses the olfactory (smell) receptors.
1. The nose provides an airway for respiration; moistens, warms, filters,
and cleans incoming air; provides a resonance chamber for speech;
and houses olfactory receptors.
2. The nose is divided into two divisions: the external nose, which is
formed by hyaline cartilage and bones of the skull; and the nasal
cavity, which is entirely within the skull. a. The external nose includes
the root between the eyebrows, bridge and dorsum nasi anteriorly,
ending at the apex, or tip: two exterior openings exist, the external
nares.
b. The nasal cavity is posterior to the external nose and is divided along
the midline by a nasal septum (septal cartilages anteriorly and vomer
and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone posteriorly), which ends at the
nasopharynx (the part of your throat behind your nose).
EXTERNAL NOSE:
Differences in nasal cartilages = different size and shapes
Skin is thin and contains sebaceous glands
External nose:
Root: between the eyebrows
apex: tip of the nose
, nostrils: external openings
Alae: bound nostrils
Nasal cavity: posterior to external nose
septum: divides nasal cavity
roof of nasal cavity: ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull
floor formed by the palate:
nasal vestibule: superior to the nostrils, lined with skin n containing
sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles
vibrissae: the hair that filter coarse particles (dust, pollen) from inspired air
c. The nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucous membranes: the
olfactory mucosa, containing receptors for smell receptors in
its olfactory epithelium; and the respiratory mucosa, a
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattered goblet cells for
mucus production. Goblet cells, that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied
with seromucous nasal glands.
Nasal mucosa: richly supplies with nerve endings, contact with irritable
particles triggers a sneeze reflex
IN action:
Seromucous nasal glands contain mucus-secreting mucous cells with:
lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme
The epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa also secrete defensins,
natural antibiotics that help kill invading microbes.
d. Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) protrude into the nasal
cavity from each lateral wall, increasing the mucosal surface exposure
to air; enhance air turbulence.
Nasal conchae:
scroll-like mucosa-covered projections
they increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System (Part 1)
I. The Respiratory System
A. The major function of the respiratory system is respiration.
1. Along with the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system
supplies the body with O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of
CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration.
2. The respiratory system also functions in olfaction and speech.
B. The four processes of respiration involve both the respiratory and
circulatory systems.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)-
movement of air into and out Respiratory
of lungs System
External respiration-O2 and CO2
exchange between lungs and blood
Transport-O2 and CO2 in blood
Circulatory
Internal respiration-O2 and CO2 System exchange
between systemic blood
vessels and tissues
The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with
oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide. To accomplish this function, at least
four processes, collectively called respiration, must happen:
1. PULMONARY VENTILATION (commonly called breathing): Air is
moved into and out of the lungs (during inspiration and expiration) so
the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed.
2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION: Oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the
blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs.
, 3. TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES: Oxygen is transported from
the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is
transported from the tissue cells to the lungs. The cardiovascular
system accomplishes this transport using blood as the transporting
fluid.
4. INTERNAL RESPIRATION: Oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells,
and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood.
Nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their smaller branches
Lungs
Alveoli
II. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
A. The respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal
sinuses; pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi and their branches; and the
lungs, which contain tiny air sacs, the alveoli.
1. Functionally, the system has two zones:
a. the respiratory zone, composed of the respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts, and alveoli, is the site of gas exchange
b. the conducting zone consists of all other respiratory passageways;
is composed of structures that are conduits to gas exchange sites
c. the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles promote ventilation
(breathing)
B. The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Nose:
(1) provides an airway for respiration
,(2) moistens and warms entering air
(3) filters and cleans inspired air
(4) serves as a resonating chamber for speech
(5) houses the olfactory (smell) receptors.
1. The nose provides an airway for respiration; moistens, warms, filters,
and cleans incoming air; provides a resonance chamber for speech;
and houses olfactory receptors.
2. The nose is divided into two divisions: the external nose, which is
formed by hyaline cartilage and bones of the skull; and the nasal
cavity, which is entirely within the skull. a. The external nose includes
the root between the eyebrows, bridge and dorsum nasi anteriorly,
ending at the apex, or tip: two exterior openings exist, the external
nares.
b. The nasal cavity is posterior to the external nose and is divided along
the midline by a nasal septum (septal cartilages anteriorly and vomer
and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone posteriorly), which ends at the
nasopharynx (the part of your throat behind your nose).
EXTERNAL NOSE:
Differences in nasal cartilages = different size and shapes
Skin is thin and contains sebaceous glands
External nose:
Root: between the eyebrows
apex: tip of the nose
, nostrils: external openings
Alae: bound nostrils
Nasal cavity: posterior to external nose
septum: divides nasal cavity
roof of nasal cavity: ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull
floor formed by the palate:
nasal vestibule: superior to the nostrils, lined with skin n containing
sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles
vibrissae: the hair that filter coarse particles (dust, pollen) from inspired air
c. The nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucous membranes: the
olfactory mucosa, containing receptors for smell receptors in
its olfactory epithelium; and the respiratory mucosa, a
pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattered goblet cells for
mucus production. Goblet cells, that rests on a lamina propria richly supplied
with seromucous nasal glands.
Nasal mucosa: richly supplies with nerve endings, contact with irritable
particles triggers a sneeze reflex
IN action:
Seromucous nasal glands contain mucus-secreting mucous cells with:
lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme
The epithelial cells of the respiratory mucosa also secrete defensins,
natural antibiotics that help kill invading microbes.
d. Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) protrude into the nasal
cavity from each lateral wall, increasing the mucosal surface exposure
to air; enhance air turbulence.
Nasal conchae:
scroll-like mucosa-covered projections
they increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air
