VM 535 Repro 2 Quiz 2 | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

VM 535 Repro 2 Quiz 2 | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) What are the 4 placental maternal/fetal interfaces Epitheliochorial syndesmochorial endothelialchorial hemochorial What placental maternal/fetal interface does the horse have Epitheliochorial What placental maternal/fetal interface do ruminants have Syndesmochorial What placental maternal/fetal interface do cats and dogs have Endothelialchorial What placental maternal/fetal interface do humans and mice have Hemochorial Placental distribution of the horse/pig Diffuse Placental distribution of ruminants Cotyledonary Placental distribution of dogs/cats Zonary Placental distribution of primates/humans Discoid/bidiscoid How does the variation of the endometrium in the estrus cycle of a cow differ from dogs and cats Endometrial growth in the cow in the absence of placental induction is minimal What is imperative for sexual differentiation of the male Androgen receptors What factor is imperative for mullerian duct regression in the female to allow for the uterus to grow Mullerian inhibitory factor What factor is imperative for stabilzation of the wolffian ducts which are male precursors Testosterone What acts on the leydig cells to produce the penis and scrotum Dht Name the 4 levels of sex determination Genetic: xx or xy gonads accessory sex organs external genitalia True hermaphrodite One or both gonads contain ovarian or testicular tissue or animal has one male and one female gonad Male pseudohermaphrodite Both gonads contain testicular tissue and accessory organs are female Female pseudohermaphrodite Both gonads contain ovarian tissue and accessory organs are male What are major developmental defects of the male reproductive tract Arrested development of mesonephric (wolffian) ducts retained remnants of paramesonephric (mullerien) ducts cryptorchidism testicular hypoplasia Retained remnants of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts in the male Male pseudohermaphrodite What developmental defect in the male is characterized by the failure of the afferent duct system to develop or fuse, resulting in the interference of the normal flow of sperm? Arrested development of the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts The testes will feel ______ if there is arrested development of the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts due to mineralization Chunky Cryptorchidism is commonly seen in which species Horses and dogs T or f: cryptorchidism is not genetic False What characteristics are associated with cryptorchidism No spermatogenesis development of neoplasms torsion verminous orchitis Verminous orchitis is caused by _____ migration in horses Strongyle What developmental defect in the male happens when spermatogenesis fails to occur Testicular hypoplasia T or f: testicular hypoplasia is non-reversible True Causes of testicular hypoplasia include Failure of germ cell migration degeneration of spermatagonia failure of spermatogenesis to occur because of chromosome mismatch nutritional deficiencies elevated temp Histological features of testicular hypoplasia Few/no spermatogonia normal st basement membrane Orchitis Inflammation of the testes Orchitis can result from Microbial or autoimmune reactions Most infections of the testicle are actually extended from the Epididymis Why may we see a sperm granuloma in cases of orchitis Damage to seminiferous tubules leads to release of sperm which can cause a granulomatous reaction Secondary effects of orchitis include Secondary pressure atrophy/necrosis thermal degeneration fibrosis (obstruction of sperm outflow) Degenerative conditions of the testes are very common with Systemic diseases Can degenerative conditions of the testes be reversed Yes Histological features of degenerative conditions of testes Spermatogenic giant cells varying degrees of spermatogenesis thick, wrinkled st membrane Neoplastic diseases of the testes include Sertoli cell tumor leydig cell tumor seminoma teratoma Which tumor is this: firm, white, lobulated, well demarcated tumor of testi Sertoli cell tumor Secondary effects of sertoli cell tumors include Hair loss thin skin melanization squamous thickening of testicle tubes Which tumor is this: yellow-tan, soft, well demarcated, areas of hemorrhage on testi. Often associated with atrophy Leydig cell tumor Germ cell tumors in the testi include Seminoma teratoma The most common germ cell tumor in the male is Seminoma Name that tumor: soft, gray, homogenous, friable with necrosis and hemorrhage of testi. Low malignancy in dogs Seminoma Name that tumor: may see bone, teeth, or hair. Differentiates into disorganized tissues Teratoma Teratomas in the male are most commonly found in what species Stallions Major developmental defects of the female reproductive tract include Ovarian hypoplasia freemartin incomplete development or fusion of the parmesonephric (mullerian) ducts retained remnants of the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts Ovarian hypoplasia occurs when Number of oogonia are low or if they degenerate after migration T or f: if ovarian hypoplasia is bad enough, the tubular tract does not mature True Freemartin Placental blood vessels fuse from male and female twins resulting in blood chimeras and masculinization of the female twin Why can incomplete development/fusion of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts cause infertility in the female By interfering with the transport of sperm or ova In the female, if there are retained remnants of the mesonephric (wollfian) ducts than we normally see ______ formation in the residual structure but it is normally not clinically imporant Cyst Inflammation of the ovary Oophoritis Oophoritis is rare and is usually associated with Viral or ascending bacterial infections Oophoritis is seen more commonly in Exotics Oophoritis is associated with secondary adhesions to the oviduct that impede Fertility Disease of the oviduct include Salpingitis hydrosalpinx Salpingitis Result in fibrous strictures and adhesions that prevent transport of gametes Hydrosalpinx Distension of oviduct with normal secretions that accumulate due to outflow obstruction/functional stasis Inflammation in the oviduct is often caused from infections extending from the Uterus What usually accompanies endometritis Cervicitis Progesterone promotes infections due to Increased luminal secretions decreased myometrial tone decreased migration of neutrophils into the endometrium Endometritis can lead to _____ over time which can impede fertility Fibrosis What are the 4 possible outcomes of endometritis Destruction of functional endometrium healing with fibrosis which impedes normal growth/elasticity of endometrium needed for placentation systemic bacteremia or toxemia perimetritis and peritonitis Uterine malpositions Torsion of uterine horn or entire uterus prolapse of uterus Uterine malpositions most commonly occur in which species Cattle When do uterine malpositions occur Advanced pregnancy when the uterus is distended with fluid Necrotizing vaginitis occurs when Traumatic wounds are contaminated with bacteria Specific infections involved with necrotizing vaginitis include Granular venereal disease in cattle herpes viral infections protozoal infections What herpes virus infection is associated with necrotizing vaginitis in cattle (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) Bovine herpesvirus i What herpes virus infection is associated with necrotizing vaginitis in horses (equine coital exanthema) Equine herpesvirus 3 What protozoal infection is associated with necrotizing vaginitis in cattle Trichomoniasis What protozoal infection is associated with necrotizing vaginitis in horses Trypanosomiasis Follicular cysts are most commonly seen in which species Cattle and pigs Cystic ovarian disease is associated with which species Cattle Cystic follicular degeneration is associated with which species Pigs In which species is size alone a diagnostic feature with follicular cysts Cattle Follicular cysts are thought to arise due to Inadequate or ill timed lh surge Follicular cysts are associated with elevated _______ levels Estrogen T or f: follicular cysts can result in infertility True Cystic rete ovarii are common in what species Canine and feline How does cystic rete ovarii cause infertility Pressure atrophy of the ovarian cortex Epithelial inclusion cysts are seen in dogs and horses. In which species does it impede ovulation Horses Cystic or adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia Abnormal proliferation of endometrial epithelium resulting in disorganized glandular nests/cysts that are no longer responsive to cyclic hormone changes Polyps are common in which species Cats/dogs Polyps can cause obstruction of the uterine Lumen Endometrial atrophy can occur from Chronic fluid pressure lack of normal cyclical steroid stimulation Endometrial cysts are common in ______ and do not interfere with fertility Mares What hormone influences the endometrial epithelium to secrete fluid Progesterone Mucometra/hydrometra is a great place for a _____ infection occur leading to a pyometra Bacterial Vaginal hyperplasia/edema (vaginal tumefecation) is characterized by Prominent swelling of the vagina leading to prolapse Vaginal tumefaction is associated with what hormone Estrogen In what species do we see vaginal tumefaction Dogs and pigs What is the most common neoplasia of the female reproductive tract in horses and cows Granulosa theca tumor Name that tumor: benign, white/firm (yellow if lutenized). Causes stallion like behavior in mares or constant estrus Granulosa theca cell tumor Epithelial tumors of the female reproductive tract in the bitch are benign except for Papillary cystadenocarcinoma Why can benign tumors cause infertility in the bitch Can replace normal ovary Why are adenocarcinomas clinically relevant in the bitch Result in ascites Name that tumor: common epithelial tumor in aged bitches. Small tan masses in the ovarian medulla Rete adenoma Name that tumor: tumor of undifferentiated germ cells that is very common in the bitch. ~20% metastasize Dysgerminoma In the female, teratomas are most common in which species Dogs Name that tumor: common, benign tumors of smooth muscle in the reproductive tract of carnivores that can be anywhere from the ovary to vagina Leiomyomas Name that tumor: malignant smooth muscle tumors in the reproductive tract that tend to affect the myometrium and metastasize Leiomyosarcomas T or f: leiomyosarcomas are rare in all species except for goats True Name that tumor: rare in all species except the cow and is caused by blv Lymphosarcoma Name that tumor: rare in all species but is more common in rabbits/cows. Has aggressive metastasis and is found in the endometrium. Is associated with progestin contraceptives in big cats Endometrial carcinoma Name that tumor: contagious neoplasm of round cells in dogs that often spontaneously resolves Transmissible venereal tumor Name that tumor: found in horses, sheep and cattle most commonly on the vulva. Solar damage and lack of pigmentation are predisposing conditions Squamous cell carcinoma Ovarian remnant syndrome Presence of functional ovarian tissue in a previously gonadectomized bitch or queen Ors commonly occurs due to Surgical error With ors, the ovarian remnant is often found at or near the Ovarian pedicle Ors is most often associated with which ovary Right Stump pyometra Infection of the remnant of the uterus Cryptorchidism Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum It is recommended to wait up to __ months of age before declaring a dog is cryptorchid 6 Which testicle is most commonly obtained with cryptorchidism R testicle Monorchid Born with one testicle What are the steps of normal testicular descent Growth and elongation of fetal body away from testes rapid growth of gubernaculum shrinkage of gubernaculum What hormones are needed for testicular descent Insulin-like factor 3 (insl-3) and testosterone What clinical signs would we see in a bitch/queen with ors Signs associated with being in heat When are ors symptoms normally found 12-18 months post surgery but can take up to 10 years Diagnostic testing for dogs with ors includes Vaginal cytology ultrasound amh progesterone Diagnostic testing for cats with ors includes Vaginal cytology lh amh ultrasound Why is progesterone not the best diagnostic (alone) for cats with ors They are induced ovulators Progesterone levels in a dog with ors would be High in certain stages of heat cycle Amh levels in dogs with ors will be Low Lh in an intact or ors female would be Low (except during lh surge) Lh in a spayed female would be High What diagnostic tests can be used to diagnose cryptorchidism Ultrasound gnrh or hcg stimulation amh What does gnrh and hcg stimulation do in an intact male Stimulates testosterone secretion What is the cheapest diagnostic test to confirm a cryptorchid tomcat Check for penis spines Recommended treatment for cryptorchidism and ors Surgical removal What are the components of the mare bse General history and reproductive history full pe exam of external reproductive anatomy exam of internal reproductive anatomy Common complaints of the non-pregnant mare include Repeat breeding (infertility) abnormal estrous cycles anestrous abnormal vaginal discharge behavior issues during performance events Various causes of infertility in the mare are related to Breeding management age perineal conformation uterine pathology reproductive tract pathology stallion fertility What is the number 1 cause of infertility in the mare Endometritis Risk factors for endometritis in the mare include Uterine clearance mechanism defects poor conformation/anatomical challenges Luteal insufficiency in the mare is characterized by Small cl +/- uterine edema +/- embryo present, failure of maternal recognition of pregnancy 14-16 days of gestation Treatment for luteal insufficiency in the mare Progesterone supplementation T or f: with treatment, the embryo will always make it to term in mares with luteal insufficiency False ~40% of mares have evidence of ___________ __________ in at least one oviduct Oviductal obstruction Treatment for oviductal obstruction in the mare Prostaglandin e2 directly to oviducts hydrotubation misoprostol-synthetic prostaglandin e1 What can cause fertilization failure in the mare Anti-sperm antibody issues gamete survival and transport What can affect gamete survival in the mare Timing uterine environment What can affect gamete transport in the mare Oviductal patency cervical lesions A persistent cl in the mare can cause anestrous because it is a failure of Luteolysis Treatment for a persistent cl in the mare Pgf2alpha T or f: ovarian neoplasia is the most common reason for an anestrous mare False What are causes of anestrous in the mare Persistent cl ovarian neoplasia hormonal treatments nutrition old mare ovariectomy gnrh vaccine/implant What are the 3 differentials for a large ovary in a mare (in order) Anovulatory follicle hematoma ovarian tumors Treatment for anovulatory follicle/hematoma in the mare Nothing Why may a mare appear colicky if she has an ovarian hematoma It causes discomfort due to enlarged ovarian tunic Appearance of granulosa theca cell tumor on u/s Honeycomb What is the most important endocrine assay associated with ovarian neoplasia in the mare Amh The 4 classes of ovarian tumors in the mare are Gonadostromal mesenchymal epithelial germ cell Granulosa theca cell tumor are in which class Gonadostromal T or f: endometrial cysts are relatively common in older mares and can cause fertility True Uterine tumors in the mare are normally Leiomyomas T or f: if a uterine tumor is small in the mare, she can still carry a pregnancy True Pyometra in the mare is usually a consequence of Anestrous Pyometra in mares is usually secondary to Cervical, vaginal or uterine adhesions In mares, pyometras have a poor prognosis for Fertility What is the most common bacteria isolated from a uterine culture from the mare Streptococcus zooepidemicus What diagnostics help evaluate for infertility in the mare Transrectal ultasound uterine culture uterine biopsy vaginal exam Which uterine biopsy grade is better in regards to carrying a pregnancy in the mare: grade 1 or grade 3 Grade 1 What antibiotics should you use in the mare that’s infertile Base on c/s How long should you infuse antibiotics in the mare with infertility 3-5 days What volume of antibiotic infusion should be used in the infertile mare (maiden v. Multiparous) 100 ml 200 ml What may indicate that a mare needs a caslicks Poor perineal conformation repeated dirty mare Ecbolics Increase the contractions of the uterine muscle What are the treatment options for infertility in the mare Address predisposing factors intrauterine +/- systemic antibiotics anti-inflammatories ecbolics min. Contamination breeding protocols immunostimulants topical aids for cervical relaxation address biofilms/excessive mucus What anti-inflammatories are used in the infertile mare Dexmethasone and prednisolone iv T or f: kerosone infusions may be done in the infertile mare to slough the endometrium and allow for regeneration True When do you see a pyometra in a cow Postpartum Treatment for cow pyometra Pgf2alpha T or f: the cow and the mare do not usually present with clinical signs with a pyometra True What normally causes a pyometra in the horse Dystocia In horses, an ohe is not normally performed, what surgery is normally performed for a pyo Cervical wedge ovarectomy (if needed) What condition can predispose a bitch to a pyometra Cystic endometrial hyperplasia What is the major hormone associated with pathogenesis of pyometra Progesterone How long after estrus does a pyometra normally develop in the bitch 1-2 months T or f: you will most likely see vaginal discharge in both an open and closed pyometra False T or f: pyometra should always be on your differential list for any intact female dog being evaluated for signs of illness True In dogs a pyometra is diagnosed via Diagnostic imaging Why may a bitch with a pyometra be azotemic E. Coli induced renal tubular and glomerular injury Why may a bitch with pyometra be hypoglycemic Sepsis If an infection is acute, we may see what on a leukogram Neutropenia What mechanisms may lead to a neutropenia in dogs with pyometra Increased migration from blood into tissue release from maturation/storage pools but insufficient to meet demands shift from circulating to marginated pool What mechanisms may lead to a neutrophilia in dogs with pyometra Effective myeloid hyperplasia release from storage and maturation pools Why may a leukocytosis worsen in a bitch with pyometra after surgery Wbcs now have no where to go and it takes a while to return to homeostatic state Mechanisms of anemia in the patient with pyometra include Reduced iron availability cytokine mediated suppression of erythropoiesis shortened rbc survival Anemia in a dog with pyometra may be masked by Hypovolemia Characterize the anemia present in a dog with pyometra Mild to moderate normocytic normochromic nonregenerative anemia Why should you consider coagulation testing prior to sending a dog with pyometra to surgery May be hypercoagulable or hypocoagulable Most common bacteria associated with pyometra in the bitch E. Coli What antibiotics are normally used in the bitch for pyometra Enrofloxacin amoxi-clav What types of antibiotics should you avoid using in a bitch with a pyometra Nephrotoxic antibiotics When performing a pyometra surgery, you should always send samples of the uterus for Histopath and culture What is the best treatment for pyometra in the bitch Ohe (spay) When can you medically manage a bitch with pyometra If the cervix is open and the dog has absent to mild clinical signs What is the medical treatment for pyometra Prostaglandins and antibiotics Most commonly used drugs associated with pyometra in the bitch Dinoprost (lutealyse) and cloprostenol (estrumate) Besides luteolysis, what else do lutealyse and estrumate do to help a bitch with pyometra Promote uterine healing reduce effects of progesterone T or f: you can send prostaglandins home with owners to treat their dogs False Intraluminal fluid accumulation in the uterus can be Hydrometra hematometra mucometra pyometra Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is driven by Repeated exposure to sex steroid hormones _________ primes the endometrium for progesterone signalling Estrogen Metritis is normally seen when in the bitch Post partum Metritis Inflammation of the endometrium and myometrium Metritis is predisposed by Dystocia retained placenta T or f: metritis can lead to systemic illness in the bitch True Subinvolution of placental sites (sips)