1. Which of the following medications is considered a first-line treatment for type 2
diabetes?
A) Metformin
B) Insulin
C) Glipizide
D) Pioglitazone
Answer: A) Metformin
Rationale: Metformin is a first-line oral medication for managing type 2 diabetes. It works by
decreasing hepatic glucose production and increasing insulin sensitivity.
2. A nurse is administering an opioid analgesic to a client. Which of the following is the
priority assessment before administration?
A) Respiratory rate
B) Blood pressure
C) Pain level
D) Heart rate
Answer: A) Respiratory rate
Rationale: Opioids can cause respiratory depression, making it essential to assess the respiratory
rate prior to administration. This is the most critical parameter to ensure the safety of the patient.
3. A client who is taking warfarin asks the nurse about potential interactions with food.
Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to limit?
A) Apples
B) Spinach
C) Bananas
D) Oatmeal
Answer: B) Spinach
Rationale: Warfarin is an anticoagulant that can interact with foods high in vitamin K, such as
spinach. Vitamin K antagonizes the effects of warfarin, decreasing its effectiveness.
,4. A nurse is reviewing the medication orders for a client with hypertension. Which of the
following classes of medications is most commonly prescribed as a first-line treatment?
A) ACE inhibitors
B) Beta-blockers
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Answer: A) ACE inhibitors
Rationale: ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed as first-line medications for hypertension as
they work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
5. Which of the following medications is most commonly prescribed to treat a bacterial
infection caused by gram-positive bacteria?
A) Penicillin
B) Tetracycline
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Azithromycin
Answer: A) Penicillin
Rationale: Penicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used to treat infections caused by
gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
6. A client is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD). The nurse should explain that the medication works by which of the following
mechanisms?
A) Decreasing gastric acid secretion
B) Increasing gastric mucosal protection
C) Neutralizing stomach acid
D) Promoting gastric motility
Answer: A) Decreasing gastric acid secretion
Rationale: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the production of gastric acid by inhibiting the
hydrogen-potassium ATPase pump in the stomach lining.
, 7. A nurse is teaching a client about using albuterol for acute asthma exacerbations. Which
of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?
A) "Use this medication every day to prevent asthma attacks."
B) "Inhale deeply and hold your breath for 10 seconds after using the inhaler."
C) "This medication may cause sedation and drowsiness."
D) "It is okay to use this medication when you have a cough or cold."
Answer: B) "Inhale deeply and hold your breath for 10 seconds after using the inhaler."
Rationale: For optimal drug delivery, the client should inhale deeply and hold their breath for 10
seconds. Albuterol is a short-acting beta-agonist used for acute asthma relief, not for daily
prevention.
8. A nurse is reviewing the medication list of a client receiving a calcium channel blocker.
The nurse should be aware that which of the following side effects is most common with
this class of medication?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Bradycardia
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Insomnia
Answer: B) Bradycardia
Rationale: Calcium channel blockers often cause bradycardia by slowing the heart rate. They
also have vasodilatory effects, which can lead to hypotension.
9. A nurse is administering digoxin to a client with heart failure. Which of the following is
an early sign of digoxin toxicity?
A) Tachycardia
B) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
C) Weight loss
D) Hypertension
Answer: B) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
Rationale: Visual disturbances, such as seeing yellow or green halos around lights, are classic
signs of digoxin toxicity, which can also cause other symptoms like nausea and bradycardia.
diabetes?
A) Metformin
B) Insulin
C) Glipizide
D) Pioglitazone
Answer: A) Metformin
Rationale: Metformin is a first-line oral medication for managing type 2 diabetes. It works by
decreasing hepatic glucose production and increasing insulin sensitivity.
2. A nurse is administering an opioid analgesic to a client. Which of the following is the
priority assessment before administration?
A) Respiratory rate
B) Blood pressure
C) Pain level
D) Heart rate
Answer: A) Respiratory rate
Rationale: Opioids can cause respiratory depression, making it essential to assess the respiratory
rate prior to administration. This is the most critical parameter to ensure the safety of the patient.
3. A client who is taking warfarin asks the nurse about potential interactions with food.
Which of the following foods should the nurse instruct the client to limit?
A) Apples
B) Spinach
C) Bananas
D) Oatmeal
Answer: B) Spinach
Rationale: Warfarin is an anticoagulant that can interact with foods high in vitamin K, such as
spinach. Vitamin K antagonizes the effects of warfarin, decreasing its effectiveness.
,4. A nurse is reviewing the medication orders for a client with hypertension. Which of the
following classes of medications is most commonly prescribed as a first-line treatment?
A) ACE inhibitors
B) Beta-blockers
C) Calcium channel blockers
D) Diuretics
Answer: A) ACE inhibitors
Rationale: ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed as first-line medications for hypertension as
they work by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
5. Which of the following medications is most commonly prescribed to treat a bacterial
infection caused by gram-positive bacteria?
A) Penicillin
B) Tetracycline
C) Ciprofloxacin
D) Azithromycin
Answer: A) Penicillin
Rationale: Penicillin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used to treat infections caused by
gram-positive bacteria by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.
6. A client is prescribed a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD). The nurse should explain that the medication works by which of the following
mechanisms?
A) Decreasing gastric acid secretion
B) Increasing gastric mucosal protection
C) Neutralizing stomach acid
D) Promoting gastric motility
Answer: A) Decreasing gastric acid secretion
Rationale: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce the production of gastric acid by inhibiting the
hydrogen-potassium ATPase pump in the stomach lining.
, 7. A nurse is teaching a client about using albuterol for acute asthma exacerbations. Which
of the following should the nurse include in the teaching?
A) "Use this medication every day to prevent asthma attacks."
B) "Inhale deeply and hold your breath for 10 seconds after using the inhaler."
C) "This medication may cause sedation and drowsiness."
D) "It is okay to use this medication when you have a cough or cold."
Answer: B) "Inhale deeply and hold your breath for 10 seconds after using the inhaler."
Rationale: For optimal drug delivery, the client should inhale deeply and hold their breath for 10
seconds. Albuterol is a short-acting beta-agonist used for acute asthma relief, not for daily
prevention.
8. A nurse is reviewing the medication list of a client receiving a calcium channel blocker.
The nurse should be aware that which of the following side effects is most common with
this class of medication?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Bradycardia
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Insomnia
Answer: B) Bradycardia
Rationale: Calcium channel blockers often cause bradycardia by slowing the heart rate. They
also have vasodilatory effects, which can lead to hypotension.
9. A nurse is administering digoxin to a client with heart failure. Which of the following is
an early sign of digoxin toxicity?
A) Tachycardia
B) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
C) Weight loss
D) Hypertension
Answer: B) Visual disturbances (e.g., yellow-green halos)
Rationale: Visual disturbances, such as seeing yellow or green halos around lights, are classic
signs of digoxin toxicity, which can also cause other symptoms like nausea and bradycardia.
