HUMAN NUTRITION FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
RATED A.
T/F: Both the liver and muscle perform gluconeogenesis
FALSE: The liver performs gluconeogenesis
OR
both the liver and kidney perform gluconeogenesis
T/F: Both the liver and muscle have glucose-6-phosphate so they can secrete
glucose
FALSE: The liver has glucose-6-phosphatase so it can secrete glucose
T/F: If consuming 100% alcohol/ethanol diet for an extended period of time, the
brain would be primarily using glucose to produce ATP.
FALSE: If consuming 100% alcohol/ethanol diet for an extended period of time, the
brain would be primarily using ketone bodies to produce ATP.
T/F: Ketogenesis can lead the blood to become acidic
TRUE
T/F: Under anaerobic conditions, water can't serve as the final electron acceptor
in the ETC, so pyruvate produced from glucose in glycogenolysis is converted to
lactate to provide NADH so the pathway can continue.
FALSE: Under anaerobic conditions, oxygen can’t serve as the final electron
acceptor in the ETC, so pyruvate produced from glucose in glycolysis is converted to
lactate to provide NAD so the pathway can continue.
Why doesn't the brain use FAs as an energy source when glucose is not available?
,Because it has low enzyme activity of a beta-oxidation enzyme, which means it is not
efficient at cleaving acetyl-CoA from fatty acids.
Which common digestive disorder that you learned about might require the
individual to moderate/limit their lipid intake? Why does it need to be limited?
Gallstones
Can either block the duct that bile flows through or necessitate gallbladder removal
meaning that bile would not be concentrated and flow directly from the liver. Since
bile is an important emulsifier, not having it means lipid might not be efficiently
digested and may result in fatty stools.
Your friend is in basic nutrition and is puzzled why they can't find good or bad
cholesterol levels in foods anywhere. They have been told that their lipid profile is
not good, so they wanted to change how much good and bad cholesterol they
consume to change this. They ask you why they can't find this and if this is a good
way to improve their blood lipid profile. Please justify your answer demonstrating
your understanding of what good and bad cholesterol they are referring to.
Because what is referred to as good and bad cholesterol are actually HDL good
cholesterol transporter and LDL bad cholesterol transporter. These are lipoproteins,
not cholesterol, as a result we don't consume them. There is only 1 cholesterol,
which is why the friend can't find it on food labels. Thus, their goal would not be a
good one to improve their lipid profile.
What are statins? How are they beneficial to potentially decrease a person's CVD
risk? Demonstrate your understanding of atherosclerosis in your response.
Statins are HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors. HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting
enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Thus, inhibiting it decreases cholesterol synthesis.
Decreased cholesterol decreases LDL, which means there is less to be engulfed by
macrophages and form foam cells. It prevents foam cells from eventually taking up
so much that they die and form a fatty streak that is part of atherosclerosis.
, The Zone Diet instructs its followers to stick to eating a specific ratio of 40%
carbs, 30% protein and 30% fat. Assume that they have been on the diet for 3 days
and just consumed a meal and are in positive energy balance after doing so
A) would the Cori cycle be operating in this condition? Why or why not
demonstrating your understanding of what is happening in this cycle?
B) What would the muscle be taking up and secreting?
C) What would the adipose be secreting?
D) What would the brain be using as its primary energy source?
A) No, it wouldn’t since glucose is prevalent. In this cycle in the muscle, glucose is
metabolized to pyruvate in glycolysis. Pyruvate would then be converted to lactate,
which is secreted into circulation. Lactate in the liver is used for gluconeogenesis to
synthesize glucose that can be secreted into circulation to go back to the muscle.
B) Taking up glucose, amino acids, fatty acids (minor amount). It wouldn’t be
secreting anything.
C) Nothing
D) glucose
The Sirtfood diet originated in the UK and focuses on consuming sirtuins. Phase I
lasts for seven days. For the first three days, you drink three sirtfood homemade
green juices and one meal rich in sirtfoods. Assume that a person that follows this
diet is finishing day 3, along with carbohydrates is consuming low protein and no
fat
A) Would the liver be secreting a significant amount of urea in this condition?
Briefly explain why or why not while demonstrating your understanding of the
function of urea?
B) What would her muscle be taking up and secreting?
C) What would the liver be secreting?
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE SOLUTIONS
RATED A.
T/F: Both the liver and muscle perform gluconeogenesis
FALSE: The liver performs gluconeogenesis
OR
both the liver and kidney perform gluconeogenesis
T/F: Both the liver and muscle have glucose-6-phosphate so they can secrete
glucose
FALSE: The liver has glucose-6-phosphatase so it can secrete glucose
T/F: If consuming 100% alcohol/ethanol diet for an extended period of time, the
brain would be primarily using glucose to produce ATP.
FALSE: If consuming 100% alcohol/ethanol diet for an extended period of time, the
brain would be primarily using ketone bodies to produce ATP.
T/F: Ketogenesis can lead the blood to become acidic
TRUE
T/F: Under anaerobic conditions, water can't serve as the final electron acceptor
in the ETC, so pyruvate produced from glucose in glycogenolysis is converted to
lactate to provide NADH so the pathway can continue.
FALSE: Under anaerobic conditions, oxygen can’t serve as the final electron
acceptor in the ETC, so pyruvate produced from glucose in glycolysis is converted to
lactate to provide NAD so the pathway can continue.
Why doesn't the brain use FAs as an energy source when glucose is not available?
,Because it has low enzyme activity of a beta-oxidation enzyme, which means it is not
efficient at cleaving acetyl-CoA from fatty acids.
Which common digestive disorder that you learned about might require the
individual to moderate/limit their lipid intake? Why does it need to be limited?
Gallstones
Can either block the duct that bile flows through or necessitate gallbladder removal
meaning that bile would not be concentrated and flow directly from the liver. Since
bile is an important emulsifier, not having it means lipid might not be efficiently
digested and may result in fatty stools.
Your friend is in basic nutrition and is puzzled why they can't find good or bad
cholesterol levels in foods anywhere. They have been told that their lipid profile is
not good, so they wanted to change how much good and bad cholesterol they
consume to change this. They ask you why they can't find this and if this is a good
way to improve their blood lipid profile. Please justify your answer demonstrating
your understanding of what good and bad cholesterol they are referring to.
Because what is referred to as good and bad cholesterol are actually HDL good
cholesterol transporter and LDL bad cholesterol transporter. These are lipoproteins,
not cholesterol, as a result we don't consume them. There is only 1 cholesterol,
which is why the friend can't find it on food labels. Thus, their goal would not be a
good one to improve their lipid profile.
What are statins? How are they beneficial to potentially decrease a person's CVD
risk? Demonstrate your understanding of atherosclerosis in your response.
Statins are HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors. HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting
enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Thus, inhibiting it decreases cholesterol synthesis.
Decreased cholesterol decreases LDL, which means there is less to be engulfed by
macrophages and form foam cells. It prevents foam cells from eventually taking up
so much that they die and form a fatty streak that is part of atherosclerosis.
, The Zone Diet instructs its followers to stick to eating a specific ratio of 40%
carbs, 30% protein and 30% fat. Assume that they have been on the diet for 3 days
and just consumed a meal and are in positive energy balance after doing so
A) would the Cori cycle be operating in this condition? Why or why not
demonstrating your understanding of what is happening in this cycle?
B) What would the muscle be taking up and secreting?
C) What would the adipose be secreting?
D) What would the brain be using as its primary energy source?
A) No, it wouldn’t since glucose is prevalent. In this cycle in the muscle, glucose is
metabolized to pyruvate in glycolysis. Pyruvate would then be converted to lactate,
which is secreted into circulation. Lactate in the liver is used for gluconeogenesis to
synthesize glucose that can be secreted into circulation to go back to the muscle.
B) Taking up glucose, amino acids, fatty acids (minor amount). It wouldn’t be
secreting anything.
C) Nothing
D) glucose
The Sirtfood diet originated in the UK and focuses on consuming sirtuins. Phase I
lasts for seven days. For the first three days, you drink three sirtfood homemade
green juices and one meal rich in sirtfoods. Assume that a person that follows this
diet is finishing day 3, along with carbohydrates is consuming low protein and no
fat
A) Would the liver be secreting a significant amount of urea in this condition?
Briefly explain why or why not while demonstrating your understanding of the
function of urea?
B) What would her muscle be taking up and secreting?
C) What would the liver be secreting?
