International and European Human Rights law: Cases discussed 2024-2025
Class 1: Human rights a general introduction ......................................................................................................... 6
H.R. Cttee 2002, Wakenheim v. France .............................................................................................................. 6
ECtHR 2024, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland ..................................................... 6
Supreme Court, Christian Baker ........................................................................................................................ 6
Class 2: Human rights as a matter of international concern .................................................................................... 6
ICJ 2004, Wall Advisory Opinion ....................................................................................................................... 6
ECtHR, 2014, Hassan v. UK............................................................................................................................... 7
Class 3: The united nations ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Class 4: regional mechanisms ................................................................................................................................. 7
BVerfGE 1970, Solagne I ................................................................................................................................... 7
BVerfGE 1986, Solagne II .................................................................................................................................. 7
Class 5-6: regional mechanisms: ECHR ................................................................................................................. 7
ECtHR 2005, Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland....................................................................................................... 7
ECtHR 2024, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland ..................................................... 8
ECtHR 2010, Korolev V. Russia ......................................................................................................................... 8
CJEU 2014, Opinion 2/13 Accession of the European Union to the ECHR ....................................................... 8
ECtHR 2017, Burmych v. Ukraine ...................................................................................................................... 8
Class 7: Obligations imposed on states ................................................................................................................... 8
ECtHR 2006, Ben el Mahi v. Denmark. .............................................................................................................. 8
ECtHR 2022, H.F. and Others v. France ............................................................................................................ 8
ECtHR 2012, Hirsi Jamaa v. Italy ...................................................................................................................... 9
ECtHR 2011, Al-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom ................................................................................ 9
ECtHR 2001, Cyprus v. Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 9
ECtHR 2001, Banković and Others v. Belgium and Others.............................................................................. 10
ECtHR 1989, Soering v. UK ............................................................................................................................. 10
ECtHR 2020 M.N. and others. v. Belgium .........................................................................................................11
ECtHR 1975, Golder v. UK .............................................................................................................................. 12
ECtHR 2011, RTBf v. Belgium .......................................................................................................................... 12
ECtHR 2014, S.A.S v. France ........................................................................................................................... 13
ECtHR 2004, Hannover I v. Germany .............................................................................................................. 13
ECtHR 1976, Handyside v. UK ........................................................................................................................ 14
ECtHR 2010, A, B and C v. Ireland .................................................................................................................. 14
ECtHR 2003, Hatton v. the United Kingdom .................................................................................................... 15
ECtHR 2011, Lautsi v. Italy ............................................................................................................................. 16
ECHR 2015, Parillo v. Italy.............................................................................................................................. 16
Class 8: Human rights in the domestic legal order ................................................................................................ 17
ECtHR 1964, Costa v. ENEL ............................................................................................................................ 17
ECtHR, 1979, Marckx v. Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 17
ECtHR 2004, Broniowski v. Poland .................................................................................................................. 18
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, ECtHR 2017, Burmych v. Ukraine .................................................................................................................... 19
ECtHR 2014, Cyprus v. Turkey ......................................................................................................................... 19
ECtHR 1991, Vermeire v. Belgium ................................................................................................................... 19
ECtHR 2012, Hannover II v. Germany ............................................................................................................. 20
ECHR 2008, Salduz v. Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 20
Class 9: Right to life (art. 2 ECHR and 6 CCPR) ................................................................................................. 21
ECtHR 2001, Strelitz, Kessler and Krenz v. Germany, and K.-H. W. v. Germany ............................................ 21
ECtHR 2024, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland .................................................... 22
ECtHR 2004, Vo v. France................................................................................................................................ 22
ECtHR 2021, Carter v. Russia .......................................................................................................................... 22
ECtHR 2005, Öcalan v. Türkiye ....................................................................................................................... 22
ECtHR 2010, Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom............................................................................... 23
ECtHR 2004, Makaratzis v. Greece .................................................................................................................. 23
ECtHR 2004, Öneryildiz v. Türkiye .................................................................................................................. 23
ECtHR 1998, Osman v. United Kingdom ......................................................................................................... 24
ECtHR 2021, Kurt v. Austria ............................................................................................................................ 24
ECtHR 2002, Mastromatteo v. Italy.................................................................................................................. 24
ECtHR 2022, Mortier v. Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 25
ECtHR 2002, Pretty v. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 25
Class 10: Right not to be tortured - no degrading and inhumane treatment & punishment (art. 3 ECHR) .......... 26
ECtHR 2015, Bouyid v. Belgium....................................................................................................................... 26
ECtHR 2010, Gäfgen v. Germany..................................................................................................................... 26
ECtHR 1999, Selmouni v. France ..................................................................................................................... 26
ECtHR 1978, Ireland v. UK .............................................................................................................................. 26
ECtHR 2010, Kudla v. Poland .......................................................................................................................... 27
ECtHR 2024, Ukraine v. Russia, para 985........................................................................................................ 27
ECtHR 2000, Labita v. Italy ............................................................................................................................. 27
ECtHR 2011, M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece .................................................................................................... 27
ECtHR 1989, Soering v. UK ............................................................................................................................. 28
ECtHR 2010, Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom............................................................................... 28
ECtHR 2012, Hirsi Jamaa v. Italy .................................................................................................................... 28
ECtHR 1978, Tyrer v. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................ 28
ECtHR 2019, Tănase v. Romania ..................................................................................................................... 29
ECtHR 2003, M.C. v. Bulgaria ......................................................................................................................... 29
ECtHR 2006, Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium ................................................................ 29
Class 11-12: The Freedom of expression (art. 10 ECHR) ..................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 1976, Handyside v. UK ........................................................................................................................ 30
ECtHR 2008, Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden ............................................................................. 30
ECtHR 2015, Delfi AS v. Estonia...................................................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 2011, RTBf v. Belgium .......................................................................................................................... 30
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, ECtHR 2023, Macaté v. Lithuania .................................................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 1986, Lingens v. Austria ....................................................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 2016, Bédat v. Switzerland ................................................................................................................... 31
U.S. 1964, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan....................................................................................................... 31
ECtHR 2004, Hannover I v. Germany .............................................................................................................. 31
ECtHR 2012, Hannover II v. Germany ............................................................................................................. 31
ECtHR 2012, Axel Springer AG v. Germany .................................................................................................... 31
ECtHR 2022, RTBf nr. 2 v. Belgium.................................................................................................................. 32
ECtHR 2023, Hurbain v. Belgium .................................................................................................................... 32
ECtHR 2000, Wabl v. Austria ........................................................................................................................... 32
ECtHR 1996, Goodwin v. United Kingdom ...................................................................................................... 33
ECtHR 2008, Guja v. Moldova ......................................................................................................................... 33
ECtHR 2009, Lombardi Vallauri v. Italy .......................................................................................................... 33
ECtHR 2010, Dink v. Turkey ............................................................................................................................ 34
ECtHR, 2016, Magyar Helsinki Bizottság v. Hungary ..................................................................................... 34
ECtHR 2012, Centro Europa 7 S.r.l. and Di Stefano v. Italy ............................................................................ 34
ECtHR 2000, Fuentes Bobo v. Spain ................................................................................................................ 34
ECtHR 1994, Jersild v. Denmark ..................................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2003, Decision Garaudy v. France ...................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2009, Féret v. Belgium ......................................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2012, Vejdeland v. Sweden ................................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2015, Perinçek v. Switzerland .............................................................................................................. 35
ECtHR 2020, Decision Lilliendahl v. Iceland ................................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 2020, Rouillan v. France ...................................................................................................................... 36
Class 13: The protection of privacy (art. 8 ECHR) ............................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 1992, Niemietz v. Germany .................................................................................................................. 36
ECtHR 2002, Pretty v. UK ................................................................................................................................ 36
ECtHR 2014, S.A.S v. France ........................................................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 1981, Dudgeon v. United Kingdom ...................................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 1997, Laskey, Jaggard, and Brown v. United Kingdom ....................................................................... 37
ECtHR 2005, K.E. v. Belgium ........................................................................................................................... 37
ECtHR 2010, A, B and C v. Ireland .................................................................................................................. 37
ECtHR 2011, S.H. v. Austria ............................................................................................................................. 37
ECtHR 2008, S. and Marper v. UK .................................................................................................................. 38
ECtHR 2009, Gardel v. France ........................................................................................................................ 38
ECtHR 2020, Breyer v. Germany...................................................................................................................... 38
ECtHR 2007, Evans v. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2007, Tysiąc v. Poland ......................................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2004, Hannover I v. Germany .............................................................................................................. 39
ECtHR 2012, Hannover II v. Germany ............................................................................................................. 39
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, ECtHR 2019, López Ribalda and Others v. Spain ............................................................................................ 39
ECtHR 2003, M.C. v. Bulgaria ......................................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2013, Söderman v. Sweden ................................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2002, Christine Goodwin v. United Kingdom ...................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 1994, López Ostra v. Spain .................................................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 2003, Hatton v. United Kingdom.......................................................................................................... 40
Class 14: The protection of property (art. 1 Prot. 1 ECHR) .................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 2005, Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland..................................................................................................... 40
ECtHR 2005, Stec v. United Kingdom .............................................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 1995, Pressos Compania Naviera v. Belgium ...................................................................................... 40
ECtHR 2000, Former King of Greece v. Greece .............................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 1986, James v. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1989, Mellacher v. Austria ................................................................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1999, Immobiliare Saffi v. Italy ............................................................................................................ 41
ECtHR 2006, Hutten-Czapska v. Poland .......................................................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1995, Gasus Dosier und Fördertechnik v. Netherlands ....................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1982, Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden ............................................................................................. 42
ECtHR 2000, Beyeler v. Italy............................................................................................................................ 42
ECtHR 2004, Bäck v. Finland........................................................................................................................... 42
ECtHR 2013, Koufaki and Adedy v. Greece ..................................................................................................... 42
ECtHR 2001, Cyprus v. Turkey ......................................................................................................................... 42
ECtHR 2007, Anheuser-Bush, Inc. v. Portugal ................................................................................................. 42
ECtHR 2004, Broniowski v. Poland .................................................................................................................. 42
Class 15: Right to a fair trial (art. 5 ECHR, art 2-4 PROT. 7 and art. 14 CCPR) .................................................. 43
ECtHR 1982, Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden ............................................................................................. 43
ECtHR 2007, Eskelinen and Others v. Finland ................................................................................................ 43
ECtHR 1976, Engel and Others v. Netherlands ................................................................................................ 43
ECtHR 2016, Ibrahim and Others v. United Kingdom ..................................................................................... 43
ECtHR 1975, Golder v. UK .............................................................................................................................. 43
ECtHR 1992, De Geouffre de la Pradelle v. France ........................................................................................ 44
ECtHR 1982, Piersack v. Belgium .................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 1998, Incal v. Türkiye ........................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 2003, Kleyn v. Netherlands .................................................................................................................. 44
ECtHR 2001, Kress v. France ........................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 2010, Taxquet v. Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 1995, Allenet de Ribemont v. France ................................................................................................... 45
ECHR 2008, Salduz v. Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 45
ECtHR 1999, Van Geyseghem v. Belgium......................................................................................................... 45
ECtHR 2018, Beuze v. Belgium ........................................................................................................................ 45
ECtHR 2010, Kudla v. Poland .......................................................................................................................... 45
4
Class 1: Human rights a general introduction ......................................................................................................... 6
H.R. Cttee 2002, Wakenheim v. France .............................................................................................................. 6
ECtHR 2024, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland ..................................................... 6
Supreme Court, Christian Baker ........................................................................................................................ 6
Class 2: Human rights as a matter of international concern .................................................................................... 6
ICJ 2004, Wall Advisory Opinion ....................................................................................................................... 6
ECtHR, 2014, Hassan v. UK............................................................................................................................... 7
Class 3: The united nations ..................................................................................................................................... 7
Class 4: regional mechanisms ................................................................................................................................. 7
BVerfGE 1970, Solagne I ................................................................................................................................... 7
BVerfGE 1986, Solagne II .................................................................................................................................. 7
Class 5-6: regional mechanisms: ECHR ................................................................................................................. 7
ECtHR 2005, Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland....................................................................................................... 7
ECtHR 2024, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland ..................................................... 8
ECtHR 2010, Korolev V. Russia ......................................................................................................................... 8
CJEU 2014, Opinion 2/13 Accession of the European Union to the ECHR ....................................................... 8
ECtHR 2017, Burmych v. Ukraine ...................................................................................................................... 8
Class 7: Obligations imposed on states ................................................................................................................... 8
ECtHR 2006, Ben el Mahi v. Denmark. .............................................................................................................. 8
ECtHR 2022, H.F. and Others v. France ............................................................................................................ 8
ECtHR 2012, Hirsi Jamaa v. Italy ...................................................................................................................... 9
ECtHR 2011, Al-Skeini and Others v. the United Kingdom ................................................................................ 9
ECtHR 2001, Cyprus v. Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 9
ECtHR 2001, Banković and Others v. Belgium and Others.............................................................................. 10
ECtHR 1989, Soering v. UK ............................................................................................................................. 10
ECtHR 2020 M.N. and others. v. Belgium .........................................................................................................11
ECtHR 1975, Golder v. UK .............................................................................................................................. 12
ECtHR 2011, RTBf v. Belgium .......................................................................................................................... 12
ECtHR 2014, S.A.S v. France ........................................................................................................................... 13
ECtHR 2004, Hannover I v. Germany .............................................................................................................. 13
ECtHR 1976, Handyside v. UK ........................................................................................................................ 14
ECtHR 2010, A, B and C v. Ireland .................................................................................................................. 14
ECtHR 2003, Hatton v. the United Kingdom .................................................................................................... 15
ECtHR 2011, Lautsi v. Italy ............................................................................................................................. 16
ECHR 2015, Parillo v. Italy.............................................................................................................................. 16
Class 8: Human rights in the domestic legal order ................................................................................................ 17
ECtHR 1964, Costa v. ENEL ............................................................................................................................ 17
ECtHR, 1979, Marckx v. Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 17
ECtHR 2004, Broniowski v. Poland .................................................................................................................. 18
1
, ECtHR 2017, Burmych v. Ukraine .................................................................................................................... 19
ECtHR 2014, Cyprus v. Turkey ......................................................................................................................... 19
ECtHR 1991, Vermeire v. Belgium ................................................................................................................... 19
ECtHR 2012, Hannover II v. Germany ............................................................................................................. 20
ECHR 2008, Salduz v. Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 20
Class 9: Right to life (art. 2 ECHR and 6 CCPR) ................................................................................................. 21
ECtHR 2001, Strelitz, Kessler and Krenz v. Germany, and K.-H. W. v. Germany ............................................ 21
ECtHR 2024, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland .................................................... 22
ECtHR 2004, Vo v. France................................................................................................................................ 22
ECtHR 2021, Carter v. Russia .......................................................................................................................... 22
ECtHR 2005, Öcalan v. Türkiye ....................................................................................................................... 22
ECtHR 2010, Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom............................................................................... 23
ECtHR 2004, Makaratzis v. Greece .................................................................................................................. 23
ECtHR 2004, Öneryildiz v. Türkiye .................................................................................................................. 23
ECtHR 1998, Osman v. United Kingdom ......................................................................................................... 24
ECtHR 2021, Kurt v. Austria ............................................................................................................................ 24
ECtHR 2002, Mastromatteo v. Italy.................................................................................................................. 24
ECtHR 2022, Mortier v. Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 25
ECtHR 2002, Pretty v. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 25
Class 10: Right not to be tortured - no degrading and inhumane treatment & punishment (art. 3 ECHR) .......... 26
ECtHR 2015, Bouyid v. Belgium....................................................................................................................... 26
ECtHR 2010, Gäfgen v. Germany..................................................................................................................... 26
ECtHR 1999, Selmouni v. France ..................................................................................................................... 26
ECtHR 1978, Ireland v. UK .............................................................................................................................. 26
ECtHR 2010, Kudla v. Poland .......................................................................................................................... 27
ECtHR 2024, Ukraine v. Russia, para 985........................................................................................................ 27
ECtHR 2000, Labita v. Italy ............................................................................................................................. 27
ECtHR 2011, M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece .................................................................................................... 27
ECtHR 1989, Soering v. UK ............................................................................................................................. 28
ECtHR 2010, Al-Saadoon and Mufdhi v. United Kingdom............................................................................... 28
ECtHR 2012, Hirsi Jamaa v. Italy .................................................................................................................... 28
ECtHR 1978, Tyrer v. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................ 28
ECtHR 2019, Tănase v. Romania ..................................................................................................................... 29
ECtHR 2003, M.C. v. Bulgaria ......................................................................................................................... 29
ECtHR 2006, Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium ................................................................ 29
Class 11-12: The Freedom of expression (art. 10 ECHR) ..................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 1976, Handyside v. UK ........................................................................................................................ 30
ECtHR 2008, Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden ............................................................................. 30
ECtHR 2015, Delfi AS v. Estonia...................................................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 2011, RTBf v. Belgium .......................................................................................................................... 30
2
, ECtHR 2023, Macaté v. Lithuania .................................................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 1986, Lingens v. Austria ....................................................................................................................... 30
ECtHR 2016, Bédat v. Switzerland ................................................................................................................... 31
U.S. 1964, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan....................................................................................................... 31
ECtHR 2004, Hannover I v. Germany .............................................................................................................. 31
ECtHR 2012, Hannover II v. Germany ............................................................................................................. 31
ECtHR 2012, Axel Springer AG v. Germany .................................................................................................... 31
ECtHR 2022, RTBf nr. 2 v. Belgium.................................................................................................................. 32
ECtHR 2023, Hurbain v. Belgium .................................................................................................................... 32
ECtHR 2000, Wabl v. Austria ........................................................................................................................... 32
ECtHR 1996, Goodwin v. United Kingdom ...................................................................................................... 33
ECtHR 2008, Guja v. Moldova ......................................................................................................................... 33
ECtHR 2009, Lombardi Vallauri v. Italy .......................................................................................................... 33
ECtHR 2010, Dink v. Turkey ............................................................................................................................ 34
ECtHR, 2016, Magyar Helsinki Bizottság v. Hungary ..................................................................................... 34
ECtHR 2012, Centro Europa 7 S.r.l. and Di Stefano v. Italy ............................................................................ 34
ECtHR 2000, Fuentes Bobo v. Spain ................................................................................................................ 34
ECtHR 1994, Jersild v. Denmark ..................................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2003, Decision Garaudy v. France ...................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2009, Féret v. Belgium ......................................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2012, Vejdeland v. Sweden ................................................................................................................... 35
ECtHR 2015, Perinçek v. Switzerland .............................................................................................................. 35
ECtHR 2020, Decision Lilliendahl v. Iceland ................................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 2020, Rouillan v. France ...................................................................................................................... 36
Class 13: The protection of privacy (art. 8 ECHR) ............................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 1992, Niemietz v. Germany .................................................................................................................. 36
ECtHR 2002, Pretty v. UK ................................................................................................................................ 36
ECtHR 2014, S.A.S v. France ........................................................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 1981, Dudgeon v. United Kingdom ...................................................................................................... 36
ECtHR 1997, Laskey, Jaggard, and Brown v. United Kingdom ....................................................................... 37
ECtHR 2005, K.E. v. Belgium ........................................................................................................................... 37
ECtHR 2010, A, B and C v. Ireland .................................................................................................................. 37
ECtHR 2011, S.H. v. Austria ............................................................................................................................. 37
ECtHR 2008, S. and Marper v. UK .................................................................................................................. 38
ECtHR 2009, Gardel v. France ........................................................................................................................ 38
ECtHR 2020, Breyer v. Germany...................................................................................................................... 38
ECtHR 2007, Evans v. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2007, Tysiąc v. Poland ......................................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2004, Hannover I v. Germany .............................................................................................................. 39
ECtHR 2012, Hannover II v. Germany ............................................................................................................. 39
3
, ECtHR 2019, López Ribalda and Others v. Spain ............................................................................................ 39
ECtHR 2003, M.C. v. Bulgaria ......................................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2013, Söderman v. Sweden ................................................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 2002, Christine Goodwin v. United Kingdom ...................................................................................... 39
ECtHR 1994, López Ostra v. Spain .................................................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 2003, Hatton v. United Kingdom.......................................................................................................... 40
Class 14: The protection of property (art. 1 Prot. 1 ECHR) .................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 2005, Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland..................................................................................................... 40
ECtHR 2005, Stec v. United Kingdom .............................................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 1995, Pressos Compania Naviera v. Belgium ...................................................................................... 40
ECtHR 2000, Former King of Greece v. Greece .............................................................................................. 40
ECtHR 1986, James v. United Kingdom ........................................................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1989, Mellacher v. Austria ................................................................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1999, Immobiliare Saffi v. Italy ............................................................................................................ 41
ECtHR 2006, Hutten-Czapska v. Poland .......................................................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1995, Gasus Dosier und Fördertechnik v. Netherlands ....................................................................... 41
ECtHR 1982, Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden ............................................................................................. 42
ECtHR 2000, Beyeler v. Italy............................................................................................................................ 42
ECtHR 2004, Bäck v. Finland........................................................................................................................... 42
ECtHR 2013, Koufaki and Adedy v. Greece ..................................................................................................... 42
ECtHR 2001, Cyprus v. Turkey ......................................................................................................................... 42
ECtHR 2007, Anheuser-Bush, Inc. v. Portugal ................................................................................................. 42
ECtHR 2004, Broniowski v. Poland .................................................................................................................. 42
Class 15: Right to a fair trial (art. 5 ECHR, art 2-4 PROT. 7 and art. 14 CCPR) .................................................. 43
ECtHR 1982, Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden ............................................................................................. 43
ECtHR 2007, Eskelinen and Others v. Finland ................................................................................................ 43
ECtHR 1976, Engel and Others v. Netherlands ................................................................................................ 43
ECtHR 2016, Ibrahim and Others v. United Kingdom ..................................................................................... 43
ECtHR 1975, Golder v. UK .............................................................................................................................. 43
ECtHR 1992, De Geouffre de la Pradelle v. France ........................................................................................ 44
ECtHR 1982, Piersack v. Belgium .................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 1998, Incal v. Türkiye ........................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 2003, Kleyn v. Netherlands .................................................................................................................. 44
ECtHR 2001, Kress v. France ........................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 2010, Taxquet v. Belgium ..................................................................................................................... 44
ECtHR 1995, Allenet de Ribemont v. France ................................................................................................... 45
ECHR 2008, Salduz v. Turkey ........................................................................................................................... 45
ECtHR 1999, Van Geyseghem v. Belgium......................................................................................................... 45
ECtHR 2018, Beuze v. Belgium ........................................................................................................................ 45
ECtHR 2010, Kudla v. Poland .......................................................................................................................... 45
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