NTR 454/554 Final Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

NTR 454/554 Final Exam | Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) _______________ is the material received during the first few milkings that is held back from the market and fed to the calves. a. Colostrum b. Dilute milk c. Areola d. Sweet milk The primary source of carbohydrate in cow's milk is ______________. a. Oligosaccharides b. Maltose c. Sucrose d. Lactose For the infant, breastfeeding is associated with a decreased risk of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Infant morbidity and mortality b. Heart disease c. Hypertension d. Sudden infant death syndrome e. Slower growth rates between 1 and 6 months For the mother, breastfeeding is associated with a decreased risk of all of the following EXCEPT: a. Type II diabetes b. Migraine c. Ovarian cancer d. Breast cancer e. Depression Which of the following components is NOT found predominantly in the aqueous (water-soluble) phase of the milk? a. Vitamin A b. alpha-lactalbumin c. Vitamin C d. Sodium The cells responsible for milk secretion are the _____________. a. myoepithelial cells b. secretory vesicles c. secretion cells d. epithelial cells How do oligosaccharides contribute to a human infant's health status? a. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that destroy the outer cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negative bacteria b. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that have potent cytolytic effects on intestinal parasites, gram-positive bacteria, and yeast. c. Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates that inhibit the binding of enteric and respiratory microorganisms and their toxins to the epithelial cells in the infant's gut. d. Oligosaccharides are proteins that bind to microorganisms and prevent them from harming the body's tissues. Jessica and James recently had a baby named Sarah who was born prematurely at 28 weeks of gestation. Sarah is being cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit and is being fed her mother's own milk. How is Jessica's milk specially tailored for Sarah's nutritional needs during this time of prematurity? a. There is no difference between Jessica's milk and milk from a mother who gave birth to a baby at term. b. The milk has higher levels of bioactive factors, LC-PUFAs, protein, and calories than milk from a mother who gave birth to a baby at term. c. The milk has higher levels of lactose and fat and lower calories than milk from a mother who gave birth to a baby at term. d. The milk has lower calories than milk from a mother who gave birth to a baby at term because premature infants do not require as dense a nutrient source as a term infant ____________ is a protein in milk that binds iron and inhibits bacterial growth. a. Lactoferrin b. Lactose synthase c. IgA d. ethylene-diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) Milk is produced and stored in the ______________. a. stroma b. alveoli c. myoepithilial cells d. areola The onset of milk secretion is called _____________. a. lactogenesis b. involution c. lactoferrin d. mammogenesis (T/F) - Colostrum contains a higher concentration of immunoglobulins than most later milk. True (T/F) - Most of the fat in milk is surrounded by a material that closely resembles cell membrane. True (T/F) - There is a greater abundance of whey proteins in cow's milk than casein proteins. False (T/F) - Cow's milk contains all of the essential amino acids. True (T/F) - Percent fat content of milk varies with species. True (T/F) - Water is not a major component of milk. False (T/F) - During lactation, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals are extracted from the bloodstream by the mammary gland. True Match the lactation related function with the most appropriate hormone. a. Oxytocin b. Prolactin c. Estrogen d. Progesterone Maintenance of pregnancy and the development of the milk-secreting cells in the breast Progesterone Match the lactation related function with the most appropriate hormone. a. Oxytocin b. Prolactin c. Estrogen d. Progesterone Signals breast to make milk Prolactin Match the lactation related function with the most appropriate hormone. Causes the myoepithelial cells to contract during letdown: a. Oxytocin b. Prolactin c. Estrogen d. Progesterone Oxytocin Match the lactation related function with the most appropriate hormone. a. Oxytocin b. Prolactin c. Estrogen d. Progesterone Growth of mammary ducts and the connective tissue between the ducts Estrogen Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Mother's milk supply may decrease; she is at an increased risk of engorgement and mastitis. b. The mother may have insufficient mammary tissue and may not produce enough milk for her baby. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. A mother does not experience breast changes during pregnancy and her breasts are spaced widely apart and are tubular shaped. The mother may have insufficient mammary tissue and may not produce enough milk for her baby. Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario. b. Mother's milk supply may decrease. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. d. The mother's milk natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect. A mother wishes to exclusively breastfeed her baby, but her baby was given a bottle containing 2-3 ounces of formula day one past-partum. Mother's milk supply may decrease Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario. b. Mother's milk supply may decrease. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. d. The mother's milk natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect. A mother is separated from her baby directly after birth for 1-2 weeks because her baby is sick and in the neonatal intensive care unit. Mother's milk supply may decrease Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario. b. Mother's milk supply may decrease. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. d. The mother's milk natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect. A baby is born premature, at 34 weeks gestation Mother's milk supply may decrease (The baby may be very sleepy and not feed well, which may decrease mother's milk supply) Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario. b. Mother's milk supply may decrease. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. d. The mother's milk natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect. During a baby shower, a mother was gifted with several fancy, perfumed creams for her nipples. She decides to use them after the birth of her baby to help with sore nipples. The mother's natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario. b. Mother's milk supply may decrease. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. d. The mother's milk natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect. A mother has very little adipose tissue within her breasts. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario Match the scenario with the possible outcome. Answers may be used more than once or not at all. Possible outcomes: a. Lactation function is not impacted by this scenario. b. Mother's milk supply may decrease. c. Mother's milk supply may increase. d. The mother's milk natural smell may be more difficult for the baby to detect. About 3-5 days postpartum, copious milk production is established and she is very tired, so she does not feed her baby as frequently as she should. Mother's milk supply may decrease All of the following are economic benefits of breastfeeding, EXCEPT: a. Reduced time off work to care for sick infant b. Costs of breast pumps and bottles c. long term health care savings d. Reduced health care related expenses When a healthy mother's nutrition is limited, she is usually able to produce milk of sufficient quantity and quality to support the growth and health of her baby. The most likely exception to this state would be: a. Low calcium intake will block casein micelle formation in the milk. b. If the mother's fluid intake is too high, the milk will be diluted and low in total solids. c. Mothers who consume no dairy products have no source of lactose for milk production. d. A vegan mother with no dietary supplements may have milk too low in vitamin B12 Colostrum differs from mature milk in that colostrum contains: a. higher amounts of antibodies and lower amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. b. higher amounts of fat and lower amounts of protein. c. 24 calories per ounce and mature milk contains 20 calories per ounce. d. higher amounts of protein and fat-soluble vitamins and lower amounts of water and lactose. What are the global breastfeeding recommendations from the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund? a. Exclusive breastfeeding for 12 months followed by abrupt weaning. b. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months followed by abrupt weaning. c. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, followed by complementary feeding with continued breastfeeding for at least 1 year d. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, followed by complementary feeding with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years of age or beyond What are Montgomery tubercles and why are they important to the mother and baby? a. They are the dark circular area surrounding the nipple; they enable the tongue to compress a large amount of breast tissue against the palate to facilitate milk release. b. They are ductule openings located at the end of the nipple; they enable the baby to receive the milk. c. They are ductule openings located at the end of the nipple; they bring nourishment to breast tissue and supply the nutrients for milk. d. They are sebaceous glands located around the areola; they secrete oils that protect the nipple and provide a taste and smell to help the baby find the nipple. What is one way in which hands on pumping can increase a mother's milk supply? a. Hands on pumping does not increase a mother's milk supply. b. Hands on pumping increases stimulation to the nerves in the breast, which stimulates oxytocin and prolactin secretion. c. Hands on pumping increases ductile dilation, allowing an increased flow of milk out of the nipple pores. d. Hands on pumping allows for greater support of the cooper's ligaments, which supports the ducts as they fill with milk. Which of the following is a characteristic of lactogenesis stage I? a. Epithelial cells are converted to a secretory state and plasma concentrations of lactose, total proteins, and immunoglobulins increase; sodium and chloride in milk decrease b. Colostral phase ends and transitional milk is produced c. Hormones of pregnancy cause the cells to begin apoptosis. d. Establishment of mature milk Which of the following is a characteristic of lactogenesis stage II? a. Epithelial cells are converted to a secretory state and plasma concentrations of lactose, total proteins, and immunoglobulins increase; sodium and chloride in milk decrease b. Occurs around 8 - 10 days postpartum c. Blood flow within the breast increases, and copious milk secretion begins d. Oxytocin release causes the milk to flow from the gland. The most abundant component of milk of both humans and cows, other than water, is a. Lactose b. Minerals c. Protein d. Lipid What is the most prominent whey protein in bovine milk a. Immunoglobulin b. Alpha-lactalbumin c. Beta-lactoglobulin d. Serum albumin A major structural difference between the bovine and human mammary glands is a. the human gland does not have myoepitheilal cells. b. the human gland does not have ducts. c. the human gland does not have alveoli. d. the human gland does not have a gland cistern The components of bovine diets that are most likely to be metabolized further by rumen bacteria before being transferred to milk are: a. long chain saturated fatty acids b. medium chain fatty acids c. trans fatty acids d. long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids A carton of cows milk contains nutrients in ALL of the following physical states EXCEPT: a. suspended solids b. covalently cross-linked protein gel c. dissolved solids d. liquid Gram-for-gram, the milk sugar lactose is sweeter than a. sucrose b. fructose c. glucose d. starch Milk is almost the only biological source of the disaccharide lactose. Possible functional or evolutionary advantage for this sugar in milk include ALL of the following EXCEPT: a. Gram for gram, lactose has more energy than fats, or protein b. Lactose helps the milk to provide appropriate quantities of water to the infant c. there are no membrane transporters for lactose that would allow reabsorption of lactose from the milk through the epithelial cells of the milk ducts d. Disaccharides like lactose provide more energy per osmole than sugars like glucose or galactose Regardless of the species, describe FOUR advantages of milk compared to craw feeding (bringing home food for the helpless young). Compared to craw feeding, where a mother brings food suitable for the young, milk is nutritionally tailored and suited by evolution of the species to their own young. It is uniform in content and properties, giving the necessary nutrients in each feeding. There are no issues or risks with chewing or swallowing in the developing digestive system. Milk allows passive immunity to be given to the young, and in the case of food scarcity to the mother, she is still able to provide food for the young using her own body reserves. Describe the overall mechanism by which the baby stimulates the breast to make milk and the baby receives the milk. Include in your description the sensory and hormonal changes taking place within the mother. First, the breastfeeding process starts when the baby smells the oils secreted from the Montgomery glands of the areola. Then, the nerve endings of the nipple triggers milk release when the baby latches on using their hands and lips. The touching of breasts stimulates the 3,4,5,6th intercostal nerves and oxytocin to release milk. Oxytocin causes the myoepithelial cells to contract which forces milk from the alveolus to the ducts. Prolactin increases when suckling occurs signaling the breast to make milk. Allergy to milk most commonly occurs in people of what age? a. 2-5 years b. 7-12 years c. 15-22 years d. over 60 years Colostrum is likely to have a saltier taste than mature milk because a. the fat content of colostrum is high, and salt is secreted along with the high butterfat content. b. Lactose synthesis has not fully begun when colostrum is being secreted. c. the tight junctions in the mammary epithelium allow more sodium to pass from the blood to the milk at that time. d. Colostrum contains a higher concentration of lactoferrin. The Agricultural Act of 2014 helps dairy farmers stay in business by a. allowing producers the option to receive a varying price support based on the difference between the national average price for milk and the price of a defined mixture of feed ingredients if they enroll in the program and pay a premium based on the desired payout