Pathophysiology Latest Update 2025-2026 Exam
85 Questions with 100% Verified Correct
Answers Guaranteed A+
10 Hallmarks of Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER: 1) Evading growth suppressors
2) Enabling replicative immortality
3) Tumor-promoting inflammation
4) Activating invasion and metastasis
5) Genomic instability
6) Inducing angiogenesis (more blood vessels)
7) Resisting cell death
8) Deregulating cellular energetics
9) Sustaining proliferative signaling
10) Avoiding immune destruction
Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER: -Decreases CNS responsiveness
-Headache
-Lethargy
-Coma
-Confusion
Adenocarcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER: -Subcategory of Carcinoma
- Involve ductal or glandular structures
Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER: -Increases CNS responsiveness
, -Dizziness
-Cramping
-Agitation
-Seizure
Allergy: Type I IgE-Mediated Response - CORRECT ANSWER: -Immediate
-IgE
-Principal cells : Mast cells
-Ex: Seasonal allergic rhinitis, Hay fever
Allergy: Type II Tissue-Specific Response - CORRECT ANSWER: -Immediate
-IgG, IgM
-Principal Cells: Macrophages in tissues
-drug allergies/allergies against infectious agents
-the antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface
- Ex: Graves disease, Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, ABO incompatability
1) The cell to be destroyed by the antibody
2) Cell destruction through phagocytosis by macrophages
3) Damage to the cell by neutrophils triggering phagocytosis
4) Natural killer cells to release toxic substances that destroy the target cell
5) Malfunction of the cell without destruction
Allergy: Type III Immune Complex-Mediated Response - CORRECT ANSWER: -
Immediate
-IgG, IgM
-Principal cells: Neutrophils