RHS 226 FINAL EXAM || ALL QUESTIONS ANSWERED
CORRECTLY.
What are Chickering's 7 vectors of identity development? correct answers 1. competence
2. emotion regulation
3. autonomy
4. interpersonal relationships
5. identity
6. purpose
7. integrity
What does Chickering's vector of competence mean? correct answers new skills -> enhanced
confidence
What does Chickering's vector of emotion regulation mean? correct answers managing intensity
& expression
What does Chickering's vector of autonomy mean? correct answers self-reliance, independent
problem solving
What does Chickering's vector of interpersonal relationships mean? correct answers increased
intimacy & respect for individual differences
What does Chickering's vector of purpose mean? correct answers goals, values, aspirations, &
commitments
What does Chickering's vector of identity mean? correct answers who am I? interests, skills,
cultural groups
What does Chickering's vector of integrity mean? correct answers congruence between values &
behaviors, between thoughts and feelings
What is self authorship? correct answers the capacity to define one's beliefs, identity, &
relationships; being inner-directed rather than acting according to uncritically assimilated values
of others; developing an internal locus of evaluation
What does it mean to develop an internal locus of evaluation? correct answers generate my own
standards for myself
What is the timeline of Magola's Theory of Self Authorship? correct answers 1982-1994 theory
developed by Kegan
2001 researched, refined, and applied to college students by Magolda in 21 year longitudinal
study
,What are the 3 assumptions of Magolda's Theory of Self Authorship? correct answers 1. meet
challenges of adulthood, emerging adults need to develop epistemologically, interpersonally, and
intrapersonally
2. emerging adults need to consider, but not be overwhelmed by, external influences
3. emerging adults need to develop coherent identities that are anti-racist, non-sexist, and not
homophobic in order to interact effectively with diverse others in a pluralistic society &
workforce
What does epistemologically mean? correct answers you need to develop new ways of thinking
about what you learn
What % of employers want college graduates to have better teamwork skills that current
employees have? correct answers 79%
How is challenge defined in Sanford's Theory of Challenge & Support? correct answers situation
where a student lacks knowledge or skills to cope effectively; generate stress
What does too much stress do according to Sanford? correct answers no growth, frustration, lack
of persistence, avoidance of challenging situation
Which aspect of Sanford's Theory of Challenge & Support can be greater for students who are
members of culturally marginalized groups, returning adults, and first-gen students? correct
answers challenge
How is support defined in Sanford's Theory of Challenge & Support? correct answers
environmental factors to helps students successfully meet challenges (friends, mentors, family,
clubs)
What does sufficient support according to Sanford? correct answers offset stress & promote
growth
What does too much support do according to Sanford? correct answers resilience & self-trust do
not develop
What are cautions regarding theories of college student development? correct answers may be
Eurocentric in over-emphasizing the development of the individual vs. the community
not orthogonal- development in one area may promote growth in another
no prototypical college student- may not apply equally well to all
cultural identity theories intersect with but are not specific to college student development
actual development is not as linear & state-like as theories portray
What are the 3 stages of Phinney's Theory of Racial and Ethnic Identity Development? correct
answers 1. diffusion-foreclosure
2. moratorium
3. identity achievement
, What does Phinney suggest about how being a member of an ethnic or racial minority affect
mental health? correct answers experience fundamental conflicts that occur as a result of their
membership in a minority group; experience threats to identity through stereotyping and
prejudice
What occurs during the diffusion-foreclosure (1st) stage of Phinney's Theory of Racial and
Ethnic Identity Development? correct answers have not examined ethnic identity, lack interest in
membership of minority group, may accept majority culture's negative views of their identity,
internalized racism
What occurs during the moratorium (2nd) stage of Phinney's Theory of Racial and Ethnic
Identity Development? correct answers explore ethnic background and seek to understand what
being a member of minority group means to them; may be spurred by harsh personal encounters-
gradual awareness that not all racial and ethnic backgrounds are treated equitably
What occurs during the identity achievement (3rd) stage of Phinney's Theory of Racial and
Ethnic Identity Development? correct answers accept membership in minority group & become
comfortable with identity; demonstrate knowledge of group's customs, history, and contributions
to society; proud of racial or ethnic identity; attain openness to other cultures and tolerance for
differences
What are the 5 stages of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct answers 1. growth
2. exploratory
3. establishment
4. maintenance
5. decline
What happens in the growth (1st) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers build a general understanding of the world of work and need to work
What happens in the exploratory (2nd) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers people try out a variety of occupational choices through classes, work experiences, and
hobbies (most closely relates to college students)
What happens in the establishment (3rd) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers acquire entry-level skills for their chosen occupation and focus on expanding knowledge
and expertise
What happens in the maintenance (4th) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers career advancement
What happens in the decline (5th) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers career advancement & ultimately retirement
What 6 (5?) factors did Super associate with the exploratory (2nd) stage of the theory of career
development? correct answers 1. decision-making skills
CORRECTLY.
What are Chickering's 7 vectors of identity development? correct answers 1. competence
2. emotion regulation
3. autonomy
4. interpersonal relationships
5. identity
6. purpose
7. integrity
What does Chickering's vector of competence mean? correct answers new skills -> enhanced
confidence
What does Chickering's vector of emotion regulation mean? correct answers managing intensity
& expression
What does Chickering's vector of autonomy mean? correct answers self-reliance, independent
problem solving
What does Chickering's vector of interpersonal relationships mean? correct answers increased
intimacy & respect for individual differences
What does Chickering's vector of purpose mean? correct answers goals, values, aspirations, &
commitments
What does Chickering's vector of identity mean? correct answers who am I? interests, skills,
cultural groups
What does Chickering's vector of integrity mean? correct answers congruence between values &
behaviors, between thoughts and feelings
What is self authorship? correct answers the capacity to define one's beliefs, identity, &
relationships; being inner-directed rather than acting according to uncritically assimilated values
of others; developing an internal locus of evaluation
What does it mean to develop an internal locus of evaluation? correct answers generate my own
standards for myself
What is the timeline of Magola's Theory of Self Authorship? correct answers 1982-1994 theory
developed by Kegan
2001 researched, refined, and applied to college students by Magolda in 21 year longitudinal
study
,What are the 3 assumptions of Magolda's Theory of Self Authorship? correct answers 1. meet
challenges of adulthood, emerging adults need to develop epistemologically, interpersonally, and
intrapersonally
2. emerging adults need to consider, but not be overwhelmed by, external influences
3. emerging adults need to develop coherent identities that are anti-racist, non-sexist, and not
homophobic in order to interact effectively with diverse others in a pluralistic society &
workforce
What does epistemologically mean? correct answers you need to develop new ways of thinking
about what you learn
What % of employers want college graduates to have better teamwork skills that current
employees have? correct answers 79%
How is challenge defined in Sanford's Theory of Challenge & Support? correct answers situation
where a student lacks knowledge or skills to cope effectively; generate stress
What does too much stress do according to Sanford? correct answers no growth, frustration, lack
of persistence, avoidance of challenging situation
Which aspect of Sanford's Theory of Challenge & Support can be greater for students who are
members of culturally marginalized groups, returning adults, and first-gen students? correct
answers challenge
How is support defined in Sanford's Theory of Challenge & Support? correct answers
environmental factors to helps students successfully meet challenges (friends, mentors, family,
clubs)
What does sufficient support according to Sanford? correct answers offset stress & promote
growth
What does too much support do according to Sanford? correct answers resilience & self-trust do
not develop
What are cautions regarding theories of college student development? correct answers may be
Eurocentric in over-emphasizing the development of the individual vs. the community
not orthogonal- development in one area may promote growth in another
no prototypical college student- may not apply equally well to all
cultural identity theories intersect with but are not specific to college student development
actual development is not as linear & state-like as theories portray
What are the 3 stages of Phinney's Theory of Racial and Ethnic Identity Development? correct
answers 1. diffusion-foreclosure
2. moratorium
3. identity achievement
, What does Phinney suggest about how being a member of an ethnic or racial minority affect
mental health? correct answers experience fundamental conflicts that occur as a result of their
membership in a minority group; experience threats to identity through stereotyping and
prejudice
What occurs during the diffusion-foreclosure (1st) stage of Phinney's Theory of Racial and
Ethnic Identity Development? correct answers have not examined ethnic identity, lack interest in
membership of minority group, may accept majority culture's negative views of their identity,
internalized racism
What occurs during the moratorium (2nd) stage of Phinney's Theory of Racial and Ethnic
Identity Development? correct answers explore ethnic background and seek to understand what
being a member of minority group means to them; may be spurred by harsh personal encounters-
gradual awareness that not all racial and ethnic backgrounds are treated equitably
What occurs during the identity achievement (3rd) stage of Phinney's Theory of Racial and
Ethnic Identity Development? correct answers accept membership in minority group & become
comfortable with identity; demonstrate knowledge of group's customs, history, and contributions
to society; proud of racial or ethnic identity; attain openness to other cultures and tolerance for
differences
What are the 5 stages of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct answers 1. growth
2. exploratory
3. establishment
4. maintenance
5. decline
What happens in the growth (1st) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers build a general understanding of the world of work and need to work
What happens in the exploratory (2nd) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers people try out a variety of occupational choices through classes, work experiences, and
hobbies (most closely relates to college students)
What happens in the establishment (3rd) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers acquire entry-level skills for their chosen occupation and focus on expanding knowledge
and expertise
What happens in the maintenance (4th) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers career advancement
What happens in the decline (5th) stage of Super's Theory of Career Development? correct
answers career advancement & ultimately retirement
What 6 (5?) factors did Super associate with the exploratory (2nd) stage of the theory of career
development? correct answers 1. decision-making skills
