CHEM 163 1st Semester Final Exam Preparation Guide | Q & A

CHEM 163 1st Semester Final Exam Preparation Guide | Q & A Rainbow Lab Introductory lab activity demonstrating color mixing. Making Slime Lab exploring polymer chemistry and cross-linking. Compressibility of Matter Lab Investigates how matter compresses under pressure. Mass and Change Lab Examines mass changes in chemical reactions. Oobleck Non-Newtonian fluid demonstrating unique properties. Chemical Properties Characteristics that determine how substances react. Physical Properties Observable traits without changing substance identity. Density Mass per unit volume of a substance. States of Matter Solid, liquid, gas at particle level. Pure Substances Includes atoms, elements, compounds, and molecules. Mixtures Combination of substances, can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Chemical Change Atoms rearranging to form new compounds. Polymers Large molecules formed by repeating units. Control-Variable Experiment Experiment maintaining constant variables to test hypothesis. % Error Calculation of accuracy in experimental results. Physical Change Change affecting form, not chemical composition. Chemical Change Change resulting in new chemical substances. Conservation of Matter Mass remains constant in physical and chemical changes. Density Equation Density = mass/volume; used for calculations. Independent Variable Variable manipulated in an experiment. Dependent Variable Variable measured in response to independent variable. Kinetic Molecular Theory Describes gas behavior based on particle motion. Pressure Force per unit area; measured in Pascals. Volume Space occupied by a substance; measured in liters. Temperature Measure of thermal energy; expressed in Kelvin. Zero Kelvin Absolute zero; theoretical lowest temperature possible. PV=nRT Equation Ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, temperature. Compressibility Ability of gas particles to be compressed. Endothermic Process Absorbs heat; temperature decreases in surroundings. Exothermic Process Releases heat; temperature increases in surroundings. Specific Heat Capacity Amount of heat needed to change temperature. Heating Curve Graph showing phase changes with temperature changes. Phase Change Diagram Visual representation of states of matter transitions. Conduction Heat transfer through direct contact. Convection Heat transfer through fluid movement. Radiation Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. Insulated Cup Lab Experiment predicting material effectiveness in temperature retention. Specific Heat Good conductors have low specific heat values. Insulators Good insulators have high specific heat values. Uncontrollable Variables Factors affecting experiment outcomes unpredictably. Vacuum Space devoid of matter, excellent insulator. Periodic Table Organized by atomic number and element properties. Atomic Structure Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Subatomic Particles Protons, electrons, and neutrons make up atoms. Isotopes Atoms with same protons, different neutrons. Atomic Weight Weighted average of an atom's isotopes. Ions Atoms with a net electric charge.