PHARMACOKINETICS
- Is the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to
achieve the drug action.
The 4 Processes of Pharmacokinetics (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism,
Excretion):
1. Absorption – movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration.
2. Distribution – movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.
3. Metabolism (or Biotransformation) – is the process by which the body
chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted.
4. Excretion (or elimination) – elimination of drugs from the body; through the
kidneys.
DRUG DISTRIBUTION
Distribution
- is the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.
Protein Binding
- is the phenomenon that occurs when a drug (or metabolite) combines with
plasma or extracellular or tissue proteins to form a drug-protein complex.
Blood – Brain Barrier
- is a selective semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the
interstitium of the brain, allowing cerebral blood vessels to regulate molecule
and ion movement between the blood and the brain.
Water – soluble Drugs (e.g., Atenolol and Penicillin)
- are drugs that are not bound to transport proteins (free drugs) are not able to
cross the BBB, which makes it difficult for these drugs to reach the brain.
Pregnancy
- During pregnancy, drugs can cross the placenta.
First Trimester - can lead to spontaneous abortion.
Second Trimester - drugs can lead to spontaneous abortion,
teratogenesis, or other subtler defects.
Third Trimester - drugs may alter fetal growth and development.
During breastfeeding, drugs can pass into breast milk.
Prodrugs
- is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance.
- are medications that turn into an active form once they enter the body.
- help improve a medication's effectiveness.
- may also be designed to avoid certain side effects or toxicities.
- are important for developing new medications.
- Is the process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to
achieve the drug action.
The 4 Processes of Pharmacokinetics (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism,
Excretion):
1. Absorption – movement of the drug into the bloodstream after administration.
2. Distribution – movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.
3. Metabolism (or Biotransformation) – is the process by which the body
chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted.
4. Excretion (or elimination) – elimination of drugs from the body; through the
kidneys.
DRUG DISTRIBUTION
Distribution
- is the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues.
Protein Binding
- is the phenomenon that occurs when a drug (or metabolite) combines with
plasma or extracellular or tissue proteins to form a drug-protein complex.
Blood – Brain Barrier
- is a selective semi-permeable membrane between the blood and the
interstitium of the brain, allowing cerebral blood vessels to regulate molecule
and ion movement between the blood and the brain.
Water – soluble Drugs (e.g., Atenolol and Penicillin)
- are drugs that are not bound to transport proteins (free drugs) are not able to
cross the BBB, which makes it difficult for these drugs to reach the brain.
Pregnancy
- During pregnancy, drugs can cross the placenta.
First Trimester - can lead to spontaneous abortion.
Second Trimester - drugs can lead to spontaneous abortion,
teratogenesis, or other subtler defects.
Third Trimester - drugs may alter fetal growth and development.
During breastfeeding, drugs can pass into breast milk.
Prodrugs
- is a compound that is metabolized into an active pharmacologic substance.
- are medications that turn into an active form once they enter the body.
- help improve a medication's effectiveness.
- may also be designed to avoid certain side effects or toxicities.
- are important for developing new medications.
