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NURS 5315 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST 1 2025| BRAND
NEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT SOLUTIONS | GUARANTEED
SUCCESS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
Hypertrophy - Correct Answer-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - Correct Answer-physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - Correct Answer-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - Correct Answer-1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
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2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - Correct Answer-abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - Correct Answer-Pre cancer pap smears often show
dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - Correct Answer-Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is
replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation,
like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - Correct Answer-Most common is change from
columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett
Esophagus caused by heart burn.
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Carcinoma in situ - Correct Answer-Pre-invasive epithelial malignant
tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral
cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - Correct Answer-1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high
altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - Correct Answer-1. Increased CK
(muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - Correct Answer-Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic
tissues. Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane
damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts
of free radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell
membrane damage and *mitochondrial calcium overload*
NURS 5315 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST 1 2025| BRAND
NEW EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT SOLUTIONS | GUARANTEED
SUCCESS| ACE YOUR GRADES.
Hypertrophy - Correct Answer-Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
Hypertrophy examples - Correct Answer-physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when a
kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload
in hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - Correct Answer-Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - Correct Answer-1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
, Page |2
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for
endometrial cancer
Dysplasia - Correct Answer-abnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - Correct Answer-Pre cancer pap smears often show
dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
Metaplasia - Correct Answer-Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is
replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation,
like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - Correct Answer-Most common is change from
columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett
Esophagus caused by heart burn.
, Page |3
Carcinoma in situ - Correct Answer-Pre-invasive epithelial malignant
tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral
cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
Hypoxic injury - Correct Answer-1. Decrease in oxygen in the air (high
altitudes, asphyxiation, drowning)
2. Loss of hemoglobin function (hemorrhage or sickle cell anemia)
3. Decrease in production of red blood cells (anemia or leukemia)
4. Diseases of cardiopulmonary systems (ischemia, blood supply loss,
arteriosclerosis)
Hypoxic injury clinical manifestations - Correct Answer-1. Increased CK
(muscle and heart)
2. Increased LDH (muscle, liver, lung, heart, RBC, brain)
3. Increased ALT and AST (liver)
4. Increased troponin (heart)
Reperfusion injury - Correct Answer-Oxygen supply is restored to ischemic
tissues. Triggers oxygen intermediates which causes cell membrane
damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.
Xanthine dehydrogenase --> xanthine oxidate. This makes large amounts
of free radicals, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Causes cell
membrane damage and *mitochondrial calcium overload*
