NUTRITION EXAM 1 (NURS 3370) EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
LATEST UPDATE
types of oral diets
--regular
--modified consistency (clear, full liquid, mechanically altered)
--therapeutic (DASH, low fat, etc)
what can be eaten in a clear liquid diet? give examples
foods that are clear and liquid at room/body temp
ex: broth, soda, coffee, jello
what can be eaten in a full liquid diet? give examples
foods that are liquid at room temperature
ex: cream soups, juices, ice cream
describe the 4 levels of dysphagia diets
--level 1--> pureed
--level 2--> mechanically altered (partial puree, chopped, grounded, or soft)
--level 3--> advanced (food is only cut into small pieces)
--level 4--> regular diet but with aspiration precautions (pt sitting up, has no problems
chewing/swallowing)
enteral vs parenteral nutrition
,enteral nutrition: when nutrients is given through feeding tube directly to the GI tract
indications of use: 5 days or more of inadequate oral intake, severe dysphagia, major
burns, short gut, intestinal fistulas (the gut must still be functioning to use this though!)
parenteral nutrition: nutrients are provided through an IV to the body
indications: the GI tract is not functioning at all or not enough to provide adequate
nutrients
feeding routes for enteral nutrition
nasogastric (NG): nose--> stomach
nasoduodenal: nose--> duodenum(small intestines)
nasojejunal: nose--> jejunum (small intestines)
esophagostomy: tube surgically inserted into neck and goes to stomach
gastrostomy: tube surgically inserted into stomach
Jejunostomy: tube surgically inserted into small intestine (aka PEG)
describe standard-intact formulas for enteral nutrition
require a normally functioning GI tract
--made up of blended food and milk based
--high in calories
--lactose free
--can be modified to have more carbs, fats, protein, vitamins, etc
methods of administration of enteral feedings (continuous, intermittent, bolus,
cyclic)
continuous: feeding given at constant rate for 24 hrs, recommended for critically ill pts
, intermittent: feeding given in 3-6 sessions, each 30-60 mins, allows for freedom in
between feedings
bolus: feeding given in large dose very quickly
(250-500 mls)
cyclic: feeding given at constant rate for 8-20 hrs, often at bedtime
steps of initiation of enteral nutrition
1. verify initial tube placement by x-ray
2. begin feed at 10-40 ml and advance by 10-20 ml every 8-12 hrs or as tolerated (max
rate is 125)
3. check tube placement by checking pH of stomach contents --pH should be less than
5.5 to confirm placement (always check before a bolus feed)
complications of enteral feeding
--aspiration (most serious)--GI problems (diarrhea, N/V, cramping, etc)
--tube displacement/obstruction
--metabolic problems (dehydration/overhydration, abnormal electrolyte levels, etc)
how to prevent aspiration in enteral feedings
--always check placement
--keep patients HOB up 30-45 degrees
--minimize pt transport
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
LATEST UPDATE
types of oral diets
--regular
--modified consistency (clear, full liquid, mechanically altered)
--therapeutic (DASH, low fat, etc)
what can be eaten in a clear liquid diet? give examples
foods that are clear and liquid at room/body temp
ex: broth, soda, coffee, jello
what can be eaten in a full liquid diet? give examples
foods that are liquid at room temperature
ex: cream soups, juices, ice cream
describe the 4 levels of dysphagia diets
--level 1--> pureed
--level 2--> mechanically altered (partial puree, chopped, grounded, or soft)
--level 3--> advanced (food is only cut into small pieces)
--level 4--> regular diet but with aspiration precautions (pt sitting up, has no problems
chewing/swallowing)
enteral vs parenteral nutrition
,enteral nutrition: when nutrients is given through feeding tube directly to the GI tract
indications of use: 5 days or more of inadequate oral intake, severe dysphagia, major
burns, short gut, intestinal fistulas (the gut must still be functioning to use this though!)
parenteral nutrition: nutrients are provided through an IV to the body
indications: the GI tract is not functioning at all or not enough to provide adequate
nutrients
feeding routes for enteral nutrition
nasogastric (NG): nose--> stomach
nasoduodenal: nose--> duodenum(small intestines)
nasojejunal: nose--> jejunum (small intestines)
esophagostomy: tube surgically inserted into neck and goes to stomach
gastrostomy: tube surgically inserted into stomach
Jejunostomy: tube surgically inserted into small intestine (aka PEG)
describe standard-intact formulas for enteral nutrition
require a normally functioning GI tract
--made up of blended food and milk based
--high in calories
--lactose free
--can be modified to have more carbs, fats, protein, vitamins, etc
methods of administration of enteral feedings (continuous, intermittent, bolus,
cyclic)
continuous: feeding given at constant rate for 24 hrs, recommended for critically ill pts
, intermittent: feeding given in 3-6 sessions, each 30-60 mins, allows for freedom in
between feedings
bolus: feeding given in large dose very quickly
(250-500 mls)
cyclic: feeding given at constant rate for 8-20 hrs, often at bedtime
steps of initiation of enteral nutrition
1. verify initial tube placement by x-ray
2. begin feed at 10-40 ml and advance by 10-20 ml every 8-12 hrs or as tolerated (max
rate is 125)
3. check tube placement by checking pH of stomach contents --pH should be less than
5.5 to confirm placement (always check before a bolus feed)
complications of enteral feeding
--aspiration (most serious)--GI problems (diarrhea, N/V, cramping, etc)
--tube displacement/obstruction
--metabolic problems (dehydration/overhydration, abnormal electrolyte levels, etc)
how to prevent aspiration in enteral feedings
--always check placement
--keep patients HOB up 30-45 degrees
--minimize pt transport
