WGU D236 SIMPLIFIED EXAM
REVISION SUMMARY
Albumin
Major solute of blood
Electrolytes
negative and positive charged
Two major functions of electrolytes
Deliver Nutrients and electricity to cells
Carry away waste products from cellular metabolism
Intracellular Fluid
the fluid contained within cells
Extracellular fluid
body fluids located outside of cells-Most found in the
intravascular compartment or blood vessels. ECF contains
electrolytes, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to be
delivered to cell as well as cellular wast products
excretion.
ISF
interstitial fluid
filtrate of blood. Located between the cells and
capillaries.It lacks proteins because they are too large to
diffuse out of the blood vessels into the interstitial spaces.
During inflammation capillary membranes become extra-
permeable. The pores enlarge, allowing proteins like WBC
out to the tissues.
,Hydrostatic pressure
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push
water out of the vessel
Diffusion
The process by which molecules passively spread from
areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
H2O and electrolytes diffuse from high to low
concentration until an equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis
The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated
solution into a more concentrated one, equalizing the
concentration on each side of the membrane. H2O and
electrolytes move through the cell's semi-permeable
membrane. A semipermeable membrane selectively
allows some molecules through its pores and obstructs
others according to size.
facilitated transport
the passing of certain molecules through the plasma
membrane with assistance from carrier proteins
Active transport
When a substance requires energy to pass through a
membrane against a concentration gradient. Sodium and
Potassium require this using the sodium/potassium pump
with is in the plasma membrane to retain potassium as the
major extra cellular ion. Sodium is a solute that draws H20
with it.
Sterlings law
Hydrostatic pressure pushed water outward from the ECF
to the ICF at the capillary cell interface.
, Swelling can be decreased by using Epsom salts which is
hypotonic magnesium salt solution.
Osmotic pressure
the pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
Oncotic pressure
Also called colloidal oncotic pressure. Refers to the force
exerted specifically by albumin in the bloodstream. Good
fact to know is that albumin is indicative of the protein
nutritional status of the body so low albumin means poor
nutritional status.
Normal Albumin Levels
3.1-4.3 g/dL
Osmolarity
Measurement of the concentration of solutes per kg of
solvent. Can be used to determine the body's hydration
status.
Tonicity
Refers to the concentration of solutes in solution
compared with the bloodstream.
Isotonic Solution
Normal Saline
Same tonicity of blood. It does not cause fluid shifts or
alter the cell size.
Hypotonic solution
Fewer particles. More H20 than blood and body fluids.
When infused, H20 is added to the bloodstream. Causes a
fluid shift from ECF to ICF to deliver water to the body. Ex:
1/2 NS.
LR
REVISION SUMMARY
Albumin
Major solute of blood
Electrolytes
negative and positive charged
Two major functions of electrolytes
Deliver Nutrients and electricity to cells
Carry away waste products from cellular metabolism
Intracellular Fluid
the fluid contained within cells
Extracellular fluid
body fluids located outside of cells-Most found in the
intravascular compartment or blood vessels. ECF contains
electrolytes, oxygen, glucose and other nutrients to be
delivered to cell as well as cellular wast products
excretion.
ISF
interstitial fluid
filtrate of blood. Located between the cells and
capillaries.It lacks proteins because they are too large to
diffuse out of the blood vessels into the interstitial spaces.
During inflammation capillary membranes become extra-
permeable. The pores enlarge, allowing proteins like WBC
out to the tissues.
,Hydrostatic pressure
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push
water out of the vessel
Diffusion
The process by which molecules passively spread from
areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
H2O and electrolytes diffuse from high to low
concentration until an equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis
The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated
solution into a more concentrated one, equalizing the
concentration on each side of the membrane. H2O and
electrolytes move through the cell's semi-permeable
membrane. A semipermeable membrane selectively
allows some molecules through its pores and obstructs
others according to size.
facilitated transport
the passing of certain molecules through the plasma
membrane with assistance from carrier proteins
Active transport
When a substance requires energy to pass through a
membrane against a concentration gradient. Sodium and
Potassium require this using the sodium/potassium pump
with is in the plasma membrane to retain potassium as the
major extra cellular ion. Sodium is a solute that draws H20
with it.
Sterlings law
Hydrostatic pressure pushed water outward from the ECF
to the ICF at the capillary cell interface.
, Swelling can be decreased by using Epsom salts which is
hypotonic magnesium salt solution.
Osmotic pressure
the pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
Oncotic pressure
Also called colloidal oncotic pressure. Refers to the force
exerted specifically by albumin in the bloodstream. Good
fact to know is that albumin is indicative of the protein
nutritional status of the body so low albumin means poor
nutritional status.
Normal Albumin Levels
3.1-4.3 g/dL
Osmolarity
Measurement of the concentration of solutes per kg of
solvent. Can be used to determine the body's hydration
status.
Tonicity
Refers to the concentration of solutes in solution
compared with the bloodstream.
Isotonic Solution
Normal Saline
Same tonicity of blood. It does not cause fluid shifts or
alter the cell size.
Hypotonic solution
Fewer particles. More H20 than blood and body fluids.
When infused, H20 is added to the bloodstream. Causes a
fluid shift from ECF to ICF to deliver water to the body. Ex:
1/2 NS.
LR
