EOS 120 final exam flashcards (exam 1 + 2), EOS 120 Final Exam
Study Notes (past midterm material)
1. how does viscosity change in regards to magma/lava composition?: magma with higher silica content will become
more viscous
2. where do volcanoes occur?: hotspots and subduction zones
3. how does the silica content affect the behaviour of a volcanic eruption: A magma with low silica will be runny
and so the eruption will not be explosive.
A magma with high silica will be quite viscous and so the eruption will be violent.
4. what are the 3 types of volcanoes?: Hawaiian Stromboli
Plinian
5. what is a Hawaiian volcano?: these are a type of shield volcanoes with lows levels of silica meaning it would
not be explosive
6. what is a Stromboli volcano?: this is a cinder cone volcano with mild silica contents meaning it is mildly
explosive
7. what is a Plinian volcano?: this can either be a composite or shield volcano and has a high silica content leading to
violent eruptions
8. what is the difference between A'a and Pahoehoe lava flow?: A'a flow is jagged and irregular with a high
silica content
Pahoehoe flow is smooth and slow with a low silica content
9. what are the dangers of volcanoes?: pyroclastic glows, and tephra (air fall of ash), and Lahars which are mud
flows with ash mixed in
10.what is rock deformation and where does it occur?: When rocks become deformed when the Earth's crust is
compressed or stretched and is mostly at or near plate boundaries
11.what are the 3 types of rock deformation and what do they depend on?: -
extension compression
lateral shift
12.What is extension rock deformation?: when the rock is stretched and thinned
13.What is compression rock deformation?: the shortening and thickening of rock
14.What is lateral shift rock deformation?: Lateral shift rock deformation involves horizontal movement of rocks
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16
, EOS 120 final exam flashcards (exam 1 + 2), EOS 120 Final Exam
Study Notes (past midterm material)
along a fault plane, often caused by tectonic forces
15.what is joint rock deformation?: they are brittle rock deformation caused by cooling and shrinking of rocks and
doesn't have movement
16.what is fault rock deformation?: these are displacements along a fracture
17.What are strike-slip faults?: they are horizontal faults and occur at transform boundaries
18.what is normal and reversed dip slip faults ?: normal dip split faults are hanging walls that go down are
caused by external stress
2/
16
, EOS 120 final exam flashcards (exam 1 + 2), EOS 120 Final Exam
Study Notes (past midterm material)
reversed slip faults are hanging walls that go up and are caused by compressional stress
19.what are fold rock deformations?: they are ductile and are made of compres- sional stress
20.what do anticlines folds make?: they make an A shape
21.What do syncline folds make?: they make a V shape
22.how do you measure the strike and dip of a rock deformation?: the strike is measured across the slope
the dip is measured down the slope
23.when does an earthquake occur?: when the elastic limit of the material is exceeded, and when this happens
there is a "snap" which is the earthquake releasing the pent up energy as seismic waves
24.what is the hypocenter and epicenter of an earthquake?: the hypocenter is the exact point of the rupture in the
earth
the epicenter is the point on the surface that is aboce the hypocenter
25.how do we measure earthquakes?: a seismograph network and measures the amount of energy released
26.what are P waves, S waves, and surface waves?: P waves are primary waves, which are compression waves, and
can travel through solid rock, liquid, and gas
S waves are secondary waves and travel perpendicular to the wave direction and can only travel through solid material
Surface waves move like waves at a beach with rotational movement
27.what are the primary effects on humans earthquakes have?: ground motion amplification
surface ruptures
28.what are the secondary effects of earthquakes on humans ?: fires landslides
liquefaction of unconsolidated material tsunamis
29.how can we protect from earthquakes?: we can forecast an earthquake which can give us a heads up on an
incoming earthquake
30.how can we mitigate the effects of an earthquake?: build stronger buildings don't build in a hazardous zone
community and individual preparedness
31.how is stratigraphy layered?: it is comprised of beds which is sediment in layers and bed which are smaller
units and have bedding planes in them
32.how can we correlate between different areas / layers of earth?: we can use important rules of evolution and
3/
16
Study Notes (past midterm material)
1. how does viscosity change in regards to magma/lava composition?: magma with higher silica content will become
more viscous
2. where do volcanoes occur?: hotspots and subduction zones
3. how does the silica content affect the behaviour of a volcanic eruption: A magma with low silica will be runny
and so the eruption will not be explosive.
A magma with high silica will be quite viscous and so the eruption will be violent.
4. what are the 3 types of volcanoes?: Hawaiian Stromboli
Plinian
5. what is a Hawaiian volcano?: these are a type of shield volcanoes with lows levels of silica meaning it would
not be explosive
6. what is a Stromboli volcano?: this is a cinder cone volcano with mild silica contents meaning it is mildly
explosive
7. what is a Plinian volcano?: this can either be a composite or shield volcano and has a high silica content leading to
violent eruptions
8. what is the difference between A'a and Pahoehoe lava flow?: A'a flow is jagged and irregular with a high
silica content
Pahoehoe flow is smooth and slow with a low silica content
9. what are the dangers of volcanoes?: pyroclastic glows, and tephra (air fall of ash), and Lahars which are mud
flows with ash mixed in
10.what is rock deformation and where does it occur?: When rocks become deformed when the Earth's crust is
compressed or stretched and is mostly at or near plate boundaries
11.what are the 3 types of rock deformation and what do they depend on?: -
extension compression
lateral shift
12.What is extension rock deformation?: when the rock is stretched and thinned
13.What is compression rock deformation?: the shortening and thickening of rock
14.What is lateral shift rock deformation?: Lateral shift rock deformation involves horizontal movement of rocks
1/
16
, EOS 120 final exam flashcards (exam 1 + 2), EOS 120 Final Exam
Study Notes (past midterm material)
along a fault plane, often caused by tectonic forces
15.what is joint rock deformation?: they are brittle rock deformation caused by cooling and shrinking of rocks and
doesn't have movement
16.what is fault rock deformation?: these are displacements along a fracture
17.What are strike-slip faults?: they are horizontal faults and occur at transform boundaries
18.what is normal and reversed dip slip faults ?: normal dip split faults are hanging walls that go down are
caused by external stress
2/
16
, EOS 120 final exam flashcards (exam 1 + 2), EOS 120 Final Exam
Study Notes (past midterm material)
reversed slip faults are hanging walls that go up and are caused by compressional stress
19.what are fold rock deformations?: they are ductile and are made of compres- sional stress
20.what do anticlines folds make?: they make an A shape
21.What do syncline folds make?: they make a V shape
22.how do you measure the strike and dip of a rock deformation?: the strike is measured across the slope
the dip is measured down the slope
23.when does an earthquake occur?: when the elastic limit of the material is exceeded, and when this happens
there is a "snap" which is the earthquake releasing the pent up energy as seismic waves
24.what is the hypocenter and epicenter of an earthquake?: the hypocenter is the exact point of the rupture in the
earth
the epicenter is the point on the surface that is aboce the hypocenter
25.how do we measure earthquakes?: a seismograph network and measures the amount of energy released
26.what are P waves, S waves, and surface waves?: P waves are primary waves, which are compression waves, and
can travel through solid rock, liquid, and gas
S waves are secondary waves and travel perpendicular to the wave direction and can only travel through solid material
Surface waves move like waves at a beach with rotational movement
27.what are the primary effects on humans earthquakes have?: ground motion amplification
surface ruptures
28.what are the secondary effects of earthquakes on humans ?: fires landslides
liquefaction of unconsolidated material tsunamis
29.how can we protect from earthquakes?: we can forecast an earthquake which can give us a heads up on an
incoming earthquake
30.how can we mitigate the effects of an earthquake?: build stronger buildings don't build in a hazardous zone
community and individual preparedness
31.how is stratigraphy layered?: it is comprised of beds which is sediment in layers and bed which are smaller
units and have bedding planes in them
32.how can we correlate between different areas / layers of earth?: we can use important rules of evolution and
3/
16
