PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
1. Explain the effects of experience on dendrites: Experiences increase the # of dendrites
2. A circannual biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of , a circa- dian
biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of, an ultradian biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of
, and an infradian biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of : circannual =
They occur on a yearly time frame and an example would be the migratory cycle of birds
circadian = They occur on a daily time frame and an example would be the human sleep-wake cycle
ultradian = It occurs over less than a day and an example is the human eating cycle
infradian = It occurs over more than a day and an example would be the menstrual cycle
3. A zeitgeber is an so an example would be : An environ-
mental event that entrains biological rhythms and an example would be how light can reset our biological clocks
4. Explain the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): It is the main pacemaker of our circadian rhythm
located just about the optic chiasm
it has its own free-running rhythm of a period slightly longer than 24 hours
5. What are the effects of a damaged SCN: When the SCN is damaged, drinking, eating, sleeping, and wakefulness
no longer occur at appropriate times
6. During the dark phase of our circadian cycle the SCN will release
from the and during the light phase the SCN releases from the
: During the light phase the SCN will releases melatonin from the pineal gland
During the light phase the SCN will release glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland
7. What effects does melatonin have on the body? What about glucocor- ticoids?: melatonin = It promotes
sleep and influences the parasympathetic rest-and-digest system
glucocorticoids = It's mobilizes glucose for cellular activity to support arousal re- sponses in the sympathetic system
8. What are chronotypes: individual variations in circadian activity
9. Polysomnography is measuring different body functions during sleep , EEG would measure ,
, PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
EMG (electromyogram) would measure ,
, PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
and EOG (electrooculogram) would measure : - EEG - brain activity
- EMG - muscle activity - electromyogram
- EOG - eye/ocular activity - electrooculogram
10.We can measure sleep by using wearable technology and devices, which have facilitated some new
approaches to measuring sleep, second-generation wearable can but compared
to PSG they are not : They can measure multiple target to approximate the utility of lab PSG but are
still not as reliable or valid as PSG
11.What are the several stages of sleep (in order): W - waking sleep N1 - NREM stage 1
N2 - NREM stage 2 N3 -
NREM stage 3 R - REM
sleep
12. How does R-sleep and N-sleep differ in regards to their rhythmic patterns?-
: REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep; associated with waking-like brain-wave pattern
Non-REM sleep: slow wave sleep; associated with rhythm having slower waves with larger amplitude
13.For the waking state of sleep, Beta Rhythm waves are characterized by
whereas alpha rhythm waves are seen in : - Beta
rhythms: fast wave activity pattern
- Alpha rhythms: seen in relaxed individuals
14.Beta rhythm waves can occur in two stages of sleep, what are they?: Wak- ing and REM sleep
15.Theta rhythm brain waves would be associated with sleep: N1 sleep
(NREM 1) and N2 sleep (NREM 2), how for NREM2 they are accompanied by sleep spindles and K-complexes
16.Delta rhythm brain waves would be associated with sleep: During N3
(NREM3) sleep
17.Explain N1 (NREM stage 1) sleep: it is the onset of sleep with theta wave activity, muscles have tone and
eyes can move
18.Explain N2 (NREM stage 2) sleep: you are asleep with theta waves with sleep spindles and k-complexes
19.Explain N3 (NREM stage 3) sleep: this is deep sleep with delta rhythms, muscles maintain tone but eyes
, PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
do not move
20.Explain REM sleep: you are relatively still as there is no muscle movement (atonia) with rapid eye movements,
hence REM, with beta rhythm waves similar to waking sleep.
1. Explain the effects of experience on dendrites: Experiences increase the # of dendrites
2. A circannual biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of , a circa- dian
biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of, an ultradian biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of
, and an infradian biological rhythm occurs over a time frame of : circannual =
They occur on a yearly time frame and an example would be the migratory cycle of birds
circadian = They occur on a daily time frame and an example would be the human sleep-wake cycle
ultradian = It occurs over less than a day and an example is the human eating cycle
infradian = It occurs over more than a day and an example would be the menstrual cycle
3. A zeitgeber is an so an example would be : An environ-
mental event that entrains biological rhythms and an example would be how light can reset our biological clocks
4. Explain the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): It is the main pacemaker of our circadian rhythm
located just about the optic chiasm
it has its own free-running rhythm of a period slightly longer than 24 hours
5. What are the effects of a damaged SCN: When the SCN is damaged, drinking, eating, sleeping, and wakefulness
no longer occur at appropriate times
6. During the dark phase of our circadian cycle the SCN will release
from the and during the light phase the SCN releases from the
: During the light phase the SCN will releases melatonin from the pineal gland
During the light phase the SCN will release glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland
7. What effects does melatonin have on the body? What about glucocor- ticoids?: melatonin = It promotes
sleep and influences the parasympathetic rest-and-digest system
glucocorticoids = It's mobilizes glucose for cellular activity to support arousal re- sponses in the sympathetic system
8. What are chronotypes: individual variations in circadian activity
9. Polysomnography is measuring different body functions during sleep , EEG would measure ,
, PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
EMG (electromyogram) would measure ,
, PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
and EOG (electrooculogram) would measure : - EEG - brain activity
- EMG - muscle activity - electromyogram
- EOG - eye/ocular activity - electrooculogram
10.We can measure sleep by using wearable technology and devices, which have facilitated some new
approaches to measuring sleep, second-generation wearable can but compared
to PSG they are not : They can measure multiple target to approximate the utility of lab PSG but are
still not as reliable or valid as PSG
11.What are the several stages of sleep (in order): W - waking sleep N1 - NREM stage 1
N2 - NREM stage 2 N3 -
NREM stage 3 R - REM
sleep
12. How does R-sleep and N-sleep differ in regards to their rhythmic patterns?-
: REM sleep: rapid eye movement sleep; associated with waking-like brain-wave pattern
Non-REM sleep: slow wave sleep; associated with rhythm having slower waves with larger amplitude
13.For the waking state of sleep, Beta Rhythm waves are characterized by
whereas alpha rhythm waves are seen in : - Beta
rhythms: fast wave activity pattern
- Alpha rhythms: seen in relaxed individuals
14.Beta rhythm waves can occur in two stages of sleep, what are they?: Wak- ing and REM sleep
15.Theta rhythm brain waves would be associated with sleep: N1 sleep
(NREM 1) and N2 sleep (NREM 2), how for NREM2 they are accompanied by sleep spindles and K-complexes
16.Delta rhythm brain waves would be associated with sleep: During N3
(NREM3) sleep
17.Explain N1 (NREM stage 1) sleep: it is the onset of sleep with theta wave activity, muscles have tone and
eyes can move
18.Explain N2 (NREM stage 2) sleep: you are asleep with theta waves with sleep spindles and k-complexes
19.Explain N3 (NREM stage 3) sleep: this is deep sleep with delta rhythms, muscles maintain tone but eyes
, PSYCH 351D - FINAL MATERIAL CONDENSED
do not move
20.Explain REM sleep: you are relatively still as there is no muscle movement (atonia) with rapid eye movements,
hence REM, with beta rhythm waves similar to waking sleep.
