PSYCH 351A EXAM 2 CONDENSED SET
1. how did Lea disagree with Kosslyn for increased reaction time for visual imagery when scanning longer
distances and what did she say imagery was fundementally?: Lea argued there are distractions therefore visual
imagery is not spatial
2. how was kosslyn able to prove that visual imagery is fundamentally spatial-
: she was able to prove that it is in fact fundamentally spatial through their map test
3. Plyhsyn argued that visual imagery is , and that imagery is more
: propositional and imagery is more symbolic and represented with symbols
4. how does Kosslyn and Pylyshyn differ in regards to a cat sitting under a table: whether or not it was spatial
or propositional'
Kosslyn argued it was spatial as it was represented with images and pictures
Pylyshyn argued it was propositional, represented with symbols and language
5. What is Pylysyn's tacit-knowledge explanation in regards to why its takes longer to go viewing the anchor to
bow when thinking of a boat: we know how the way the world works and that further objects take longer to get to so
when tasking someone with asking how long it takes to go from point a to b they'd assume it would take a while
6. When applying TMS to a patient how will visual imagery and perception be affected and what does this
provide evidence for?: it slowed their perceptual and visual imagery abilities
providing evidence that both perception and imagery share similar mechanisms
7. In the case studied by Farah, et al (1993), what were the effects of Patient MGS for completing the mental walk
test?: when performing the mental walk task they would imagine the horse would start overflowing at a much greater
distance than normal
8. Farah, et al (1988) studied a patient named R.M. who had damage to the left occipital and parietal lobes. what
impairments did he have?: They could draw accurate pictures of objects in front him but could not draw images from
memory meaning they had impairment for imagery but not perception
9. Behrmann, et al (1994) studied a patient named C.K. who could not name pictures of objects but could draw
objects in great detail. What impairments does he have?: He could however draw objects in great detail from
memory Indication that there was impairment for perception but not imagery
10.What were the finding of the Mental rotation test conducted by Shepard and Meltzer in 1971: the time it
, PSYCH 351A EXAM 2 CONDENSED SET
takes to compare 2 objects is proportional to their view angle, and is as if we are mentally rotating the object to the
match the other
, PSYCH 351A EXAM 2 CONDENSED SET
for example: an object angled at 30 degrees will take less time to accurately compare than an object angled at 180 degrees
11.What is the chain method of memorizing?: each item that needs to remem- bered is associated with an item that
provokes a vivid image
This will create a story at which you can recall
12.What is the peg word technique of memorizing?: associated items can be remembered with corresponding peg
words, creating a vivid image of pairs
13. What is the method of Loci / memory palace for memorizing?: you memorize a route through a familiar
building or area
You visualize items to be remembered in different locations along route
14. Maguire, et al (2002) study for visual imagery and memory by having mental athletes and control
subjects memorize faces, numbers, and snowflakes then used MRI / fMRI to see how they differed. What were the
results?: They found that anatomically and cognitively they were the same, however:
mental athletes had a greater activation of the cerebellum, hippocampus, parietal lobe, etc meaning the parts of the brain
responsible for memory was more active
15.What is an alignment error?: two figures that are perceived as grouped togeth- er but are misaligned, that is, offset
in one spatial dimension, are remembered as more aligned than they really are
Example: people tend to imagine SA is directly below NA, but SA is actually quite east
16.What is an rotation error?: The deviation (error) of a objects angular orientation from an expected, nominal, or
commanded angle or displacement
For example: we tend to imagine Vancouver as east of us when its closer to northeast
17.What were the results of Kozhenvnikov, Kosslyn, and Shepard's 2005 experiment comparing spatial
observers and visual observers in regards to the paper folding task: Those who were poor at the paper folding task
performed well on the visual task
those who did well on the paper folding task did worse on the visual task
The results of the tests, shown in Figure 10.24, demonstrate differences between participants with a low score on the PFT
(low spatial imagery) and participants with a high score (high spatial imagery). Sixty-two percent of the low spatial
1. how did Lea disagree with Kosslyn for increased reaction time for visual imagery when scanning longer
distances and what did she say imagery was fundementally?: Lea argued there are distractions therefore visual
imagery is not spatial
2. how was kosslyn able to prove that visual imagery is fundamentally spatial-
: she was able to prove that it is in fact fundamentally spatial through their map test
3. Plyhsyn argued that visual imagery is , and that imagery is more
: propositional and imagery is more symbolic and represented with symbols
4. how does Kosslyn and Pylyshyn differ in regards to a cat sitting under a table: whether or not it was spatial
or propositional'
Kosslyn argued it was spatial as it was represented with images and pictures
Pylyshyn argued it was propositional, represented with symbols and language
5. What is Pylysyn's tacit-knowledge explanation in regards to why its takes longer to go viewing the anchor to
bow when thinking of a boat: we know how the way the world works and that further objects take longer to get to so
when tasking someone with asking how long it takes to go from point a to b they'd assume it would take a while
6. When applying TMS to a patient how will visual imagery and perception be affected and what does this
provide evidence for?: it slowed their perceptual and visual imagery abilities
providing evidence that both perception and imagery share similar mechanisms
7. In the case studied by Farah, et al (1993), what were the effects of Patient MGS for completing the mental walk
test?: when performing the mental walk task they would imagine the horse would start overflowing at a much greater
distance than normal
8. Farah, et al (1988) studied a patient named R.M. who had damage to the left occipital and parietal lobes. what
impairments did he have?: They could draw accurate pictures of objects in front him but could not draw images from
memory meaning they had impairment for imagery but not perception
9. Behrmann, et al (1994) studied a patient named C.K. who could not name pictures of objects but could draw
objects in great detail. What impairments does he have?: He could however draw objects in great detail from
memory Indication that there was impairment for perception but not imagery
10.What were the finding of the Mental rotation test conducted by Shepard and Meltzer in 1971: the time it
, PSYCH 351A EXAM 2 CONDENSED SET
takes to compare 2 objects is proportional to their view angle, and is as if we are mentally rotating the object to the
match the other
, PSYCH 351A EXAM 2 CONDENSED SET
for example: an object angled at 30 degrees will take less time to accurately compare than an object angled at 180 degrees
11.What is the chain method of memorizing?: each item that needs to remem- bered is associated with an item that
provokes a vivid image
This will create a story at which you can recall
12.What is the peg word technique of memorizing?: associated items can be remembered with corresponding peg
words, creating a vivid image of pairs
13. What is the method of Loci / memory palace for memorizing?: you memorize a route through a familiar
building or area
You visualize items to be remembered in different locations along route
14. Maguire, et al (2002) study for visual imagery and memory by having mental athletes and control
subjects memorize faces, numbers, and snowflakes then used MRI / fMRI to see how they differed. What were the
results?: They found that anatomically and cognitively they were the same, however:
mental athletes had a greater activation of the cerebellum, hippocampus, parietal lobe, etc meaning the parts of the brain
responsible for memory was more active
15.What is an alignment error?: two figures that are perceived as grouped togeth- er but are misaligned, that is, offset
in one spatial dimension, are remembered as more aligned than they really are
Example: people tend to imagine SA is directly below NA, but SA is actually quite east
16.What is an rotation error?: The deviation (error) of a objects angular orientation from an expected, nominal, or
commanded angle or displacement
For example: we tend to imagine Vancouver as east of us when its closer to northeast
17.What were the results of Kozhenvnikov, Kosslyn, and Shepard's 2005 experiment comparing spatial
observers and visual observers in regards to the paper folding task: Those who were poor at the paper folding task
performed well on the visual task
those who did well on the paper folding task did worse on the visual task
The results of the tests, shown in Figure 10.24, demonstrate differences between participants with a low score on the PFT
(low spatial imagery) and participants with a high score (high spatial imagery). Sixty-two percent of the low spatial
