WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective As
b b b b
sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
b b b b b b
Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
b b b
WhatbisbStarling'sbLawbofbCapillarybforces?
Howbdoesbthisbexplainbwhybabnutritionallybdeficientbchildbwouldbhavebedema?
-
b DDStarling'sbLawbdescribesbhowbfluidsbmovebacrossbthebcapillarybmembrane.bTherebarebtwobmajorbop
posingbforcesbthatbactbtobbalancebeachbother,bhydrostaticbpressureb(pushingbwaterboutbofbthebcapillarie
s)bandbosmoticbpressureb(includingbonconticbpressure,bwhichbpushesbfluidbintobthebcapillaries).
Bothbelectrolytesbandbproteinsb(onconticbpressure)binbthebbloodbaffectbosmoticbpressure,bhig
hbelectrolytebandbproteinbconcentrationsbinbthebbloodbwouldbcausebwaterbtobleavebthebcellsba
ndbinterstitialbspacebandbenterbthebbloodbstreambtobdilutebthebhighbconcentrations.
On,bthebotherbhand,blowbelectrolytebandbproteinbconcentrationsb(asbseenbinbabnutritionallybdeficientbchi
ld)bwouldbcausebwaterbtobleavebthebcapillariesbandbenterbthebcellsbandbinterstitialbfluidbwhichbcanbleadbto
b edema.
HowbdoesbthebRAASb(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronebSystem)bresultbinbincreasedbbloodbvolumebandbincreasedbbloodbpressure?
,WGUbD236bpathophysiologybOAbExambStudybGuideb2023bQuestionsbandbAnswers
-
DDAbdropbinbbloodbpressurebisbsensedbbybthebkidneysbbyblowbperfusion,bwhichbinbturnbbeginsbtobsecret
b
ebrenin.
Reninbthenbtriggersbthebliverbtobproducebangiotensinogen,bwhichbisbconvertedbtobAngiotensinbIbinbtheblu
ngsbandbthenbangiotensinbIIbbybthebenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingbenzymeb(ACE).bAngiotensinbIIbstimulatesbperipheralbarterialbvasoconstrictionbwhichbraise
sbBP.
AngiotensinbIIbisbalsobstimulatingbthebadrenalbglandbtobreleasebaldosterone,bwhichbactsbtobincreasebsodi
umbandbwaterbreabsorptionbincreasingbbloodbvolume,bwhilebalsobincreasedbpotassiumbsecretionbinburin
e.
Howbcanbhyperkalemiableadbtobcardiacbarrest?
-
DDNormalblevelsbofbpotassiumbarebbetweenb3.5bandb5.2bmEq/dL.bHyperkalemiabrefersbtopotassiumblev
b
elsbhigherbthatb5.2bmEq/dL.
Abmajorbfunctionbofbpotassiumbisbtobconductbnervebimpulsesbinbmuscles.bTooblowbandbmusclebweaknessb
,occursbandbtoobmuchbcanbcausebmusclebspasms.
, WGUbD236bpathophysiologybOAbExambStudybGuideb2023bQuestionsbandbAnswers
Thisbisbespeciallybdangerousbinbthebheartbmusclebandbanbirregularbheartbeatbcanbcausebabheartbattack
ThebbodybusesbthebProteinbBufferingbSystem,bPhosphatebBufferingbSystem,bandbCarbonicbAcid-
b BicarbonatebSystembtobregulatebandbmaintainbhomeostaticbpH,bwhatbisbthebconsequencebofbabpHbimbal
ance
- DDProteinsbcontainbmanybacidicbandbbasicbgroupbthatbcanbbebaffectedbbybpHbchanges.bAnybincreasebo
rbdecreasebinbbloodbpHbcanbalterbthebstructurebofbthebproteinb(denature),btherebybaffectingbitsbfunctionb
asbwell
Describebtheblaboratorybfindingsbassociatedbwithbmetabolicbacidosis,bmetabolicbalkalosis,brespiratorybaci
dosisbandbrespiratorybalkalosis.b(iebrelativebpHbandbCO2blevels).
- DDNormalbABGsb(ArterialbBloodbGases)bBloodbpH:b7.35-7.45bPCO2:b35-45bmmbHgbPO2:b90-
100bmmbHgbHCO3-:b22-26bmEq/LbSaO2:b95-100%
RespiratorybacidosisbandbalkalosisbarebmarkedbbybchangesbinbPCO2.bHigherb=bacidosisbandblowerb=balkalo
sis
MetabolicbacidosisbandbalkalosisbarebcausedbbybsomethingbotherbthanbabnormalbCO2blevels.bThisbcouldbinclu
debtoxicity,bdiabetes,brenalbfailureborbexcessivebGIblosses.
b b b b
sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
b b b b b b
Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
b b b
WhatbisbStarling'sbLawbofbCapillarybforces?
Howbdoesbthisbexplainbwhybabnutritionallybdeficientbchildbwouldbhavebedema?
-
b DDStarling'sbLawbdescribesbhowbfluidsbmovebacrossbthebcapillarybmembrane.bTherebarebtwobmajorbop
posingbforcesbthatbactbtobbalancebeachbother,bhydrostaticbpressureb(pushingbwaterboutbofbthebcapillarie
s)bandbosmoticbpressureb(includingbonconticbpressure,bwhichbpushesbfluidbintobthebcapillaries).
Bothbelectrolytesbandbproteinsb(onconticbpressure)binbthebbloodbaffectbosmoticbpressure,bhig
hbelectrolytebandbproteinbconcentrationsbinbthebbloodbwouldbcausebwaterbtobleavebthebcellsba
ndbinterstitialbspacebandbenterbthebbloodbstreambtobdilutebthebhighbconcentrations.
On,bthebotherbhand,blowbelectrolytebandbproteinbconcentrationsb(asbseenbinbabnutritionallybdeficientbchi
ld)bwouldbcausebwaterbtobleavebthebcapillariesbandbenterbthebcellsbandbinterstitialbfluidbwhichbcanbleadbto
b edema.
HowbdoesbthebRAASb(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronebSystem)bresultbinbincreasedbbloodbvolumebandbincreasedbbloodbpressure?
,WGUbD236bpathophysiologybOAbExambStudybGuideb2023bQuestionsbandbAnswers
-
DDAbdropbinbbloodbpressurebisbsensedbbybthebkidneysbbyblowbperfusion,bwhichbinbturnbbeginsbtobsecret
b
ebrenin.
Reninbthenbtriggersbthebliverbtobproducebangiotensinogen,bwhichbisbconvertedbtobAngiotensinbIbinbtheblu
ngsbandbthenbangiotensinbIIbbybthebenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingbenzymeb(ACE).bAngiotensinbIIbstimulatesbperipheralbarterialbvasoconstrictionbwhichbraise
sbBP.
AngiotensinbIIbisbalsobstimulatingbthebadrenalbglandbtobreleasebaldosterone,bwhichbactsbtobincreasebsodi
umbandbwaterbreabsorptionbincreasingbbloodbvolume,bwhilebalsobincreasedbpotassiumbsecretionbinburin
e.
Howbcanbhyperkalemiableadbtobcardiacbarrest?
-
DDNormalblevelsbofbpotassiumbarebbetweenb3.5bandb5.2bmEq/dL.bHyperkalemiabrefersbtopotassiumblev
b
elsbhigherbthatb5.2bmEq/dL.
Abmajorbfunctionbofbpotassiumbisbtobconductbnervebimpulsesbinbmuscles.bTooblowbandbmusclebweaknessb
,occursbandbtoobmuchbcanbcausebmusclebspasms.
, WGUbD236bpathophysiologybOAbExambStudybGuideb2023bQuestionsbandbAnswers
Thisbisbespeciallybdangerousbinbthebheartbmusclebandbanbirregularbheartbeatbcanbcausebabheartbattack
ThebbodybusesbthebProteinbBufferingbSystem,bPhosphatebBufferingbSystem,bandbCarbonicbAcid-
b BicarbonatebSystembtobregulatebandbmaintainbhomeostaticbpH,bwhatbisbthebconsequencebofbabpHbimbal
ance
- DDProteinsbcontainbmanybacidicbandbbasicbgroupbthatbcanbbebaffectedbbybpHbchanges.bAnybincreasebo
rbdecreasebinbbloodbpHbcanbalterbthebstructurebofbthebproteinb(denature),btherebybaffectingbitsbfunctionb
asbwell
Describebtheblaboratorybfindingsbassociatedbwithbmetabolicbacidosis,bmetabolicbalkalosis,brespiratorybaci
dosisbandbrespiratorybalkalosis.b(iebrelativebpHbandbCO2blevels).
- DDNormalbABGsb(ArterialbBloodbGases)bBloodbpH:b7.35-7.45bPCO2:b35-45bmmbHgbPO2:b90-
100bmmbHgbHCO3-:b22-26bmEq/LbSaO2:b95-100%
RespiratorybacidosisbandbalkalosisbarebmarkedbbybchangesbinbPCO2.bHigherb=bacidosisbandblowerb=balkalo
sis
MetabolicbacidosisbandbalkalosisbarebcausedbbybsomethingbotherbthanbabnormalbCO2blevels.bThisbcouldbinclu
debtoxicity,bdiabetes,brenalbfailureborbexcessivebGIblosses.
