LSAT - Logical Reasoning
Premise - *answers *A fact, proposition or statement from which a conclusion is made
Conclusion - *answers *A statement or judgment that follows from one or more
reasons.
Conditional Reasoning - *answers *A conditional statement is, in its most easily
recognized form, an "if...then..." statement. The following is, for example, a conditional
statement. Conditional statements are also described in terms of sufficient and
necessary conditions.
Sufficient - *answers *An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a
necessary condition must also occur.
Necessary - *answers *An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order
for a sufficient condition to occur.
Explain Sufficient Necessary - *answers *If a sufficient condition occurs, you
automatically know that the necessary condition also occurs. If a necessary condition
occurs, then it is possible that the sufficient condition will occur, but not certain.
Example of Sufficient Necessary - *answers *Banging my shin on the table is all that is
needed for me to scream in pain (i.e. it is sufficient), so banging my shin is considered
the sufficient condition. I cannot bang my shin on the table without screaming in pain
(screaming necessarily follows the banging of my shin), so screaming in pain is the
necessary condition. You should be fine if you can simply remember that the
antecedent (the phrase following the "if") is the sufficient condition for the consequent
(the phrase following the "then") and the consequent is the necessary condition for the
antecedent.
Contra-positive - *answers *a conditional statement derived from another by negating
and interchanging antecedent and consequent
Premise Indicators - *answers *Because
Since
For
For example
For that reason that In that
Given that
As indicated by
Due to
Owing to
This can be seen from
We know this by
Conclusion Indicators - *answers *Thus
Therefore
, LSAT - Logical Reasoning
Hence
Consequently
As a result
So
Accordingly
Clearly
Must be that
Shows that
Conclude that
Follows that
For this reason
Thirteen Logical Reasoning Types - *answers *1. Must Be True / Most Supported
2. Main Point
3. Point at issue
4. Assumption
5. Justify the conclusion
6. Strengthen / support
7. Resolve the paradox
8. Weaken
9. Method of reasoning
10. Flaw in the reasoning
11. Parallel reasoning
12. Evaluate the argument
13. Cannot be true
Four Family Types - *answers *1. Prove
2. Help
3. Hurt
4. Disprove
Reasoning Types - Family - Prove - *answers *a. Must Be True / Most Supported
b. Main Point
c. Point at issue
d. Method of reasoning
e. Flaw in the reasoning
f. Parallel reasoning
Reasoning Types - Family - Help - *answers *a. Assumption
b. Justify the conclusion
c. Strengthen / support
d. Resolve the paradox
Reasoning Types - Family - Hurt - *answers *a. Weaken
Reasoning Types - Family - Disprove - *answers *a. Cannot be true
Premise - *answers *A fact, proposition or statement from which a conclusion is made
Conclusion - *answers *A statement or judgment that follows from one or more
reasons.
Conditional Reasoning - *answers *A conditional statement is, in its most easily
recognized form, an "if...then..." statement. The following is, for example, a conditional
statement. Conditional statements are also described in terms of sufficient and
necessary conditions.
Sufficient - *answers *An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a
necessary condition must also occur.
Necessary - *answers *An event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order
for a sufficient condition to occur.
Explain Sufficient Necessary - *answers *If a sufficient condition occurs, you
automatically know that the necessary condition also occurs. If a necessary condition
occurs, then it is possible that the sufficient condition will occur, but not certain.
Example of Sufficient Necessary - *answers *Banging my shin on the table is all that is
needed for me to scream in pain (i.e. it is sufficient), so banging my shin is considered
the sufficient condition. I cannot bang my shin on the table without screaming in pain
(screaming necessarily follows the banging of my shin), so screaming in pain is the
necessary condition. You should be fine if you can simply remember that the
antecedent (the phrase following the "if") is the sufficient condition for the consequent
(the phrase following the "then") and the consequent is the necessary condition for the
antecedent.
Contra-positive - *answers *a conditional statement derived from another by negating
and interchanging antecedent and consequent
Premise Indicators - *answers *Because
Since
For
For example
For that reason that In that
Given that
As indicated by
Due to
Owing to
This can be seen from
We know this by
Conclusion Indicators - *answers *Thus
Therefore
, LSAT - Logical Reasoning
Hence
Consequently
As a result
So
Accordingly
Clearly
Must be that
Shows that
Conclude that
Follows that
For this reason
Thirteen Logical Reasoning Types - *answers *1. Must Be True / Most Supported
2. Main Point
3. Point at issue
4. Assumption
5. Justify the conclusion
6. Strengthen / support
7. Resolve the paradox
8. Weaken
9. Method of reasoning
10. Flaw in the reasoning
11. Parallel reasoning
12. Evaluate the argument
13. Cannot be true
Four Family Types - *answers *1. Prove
2. Help
3. Hurt
4. Disprove
Reasoning Types - Family - Prove - *answers *a. Must Be True / Most Supported
b. Main Point
c. Point at issue
d. Method of reasoning
e. Flaw in the reasoning
f. Parallel reasoning
Reasoning Types - Family - Help - *answers *a. Assumption
b. Justify the conclusion
c. Strengthen / support
d. Resolve the paradox
Reasoning Types - Family - Hurt - *answers *a. Weaken
Reasoning Types - Family - Disprove - *answers *a. Cannot be true
