NURS2750 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
causes of pain
Inflammation
Infection
Ischemia and tissue necrosis
Stretching of tissue
Stretching of tendons, ligaments, joint capsule
Chemicals
Burns
Muscle spasm
what is pain?
discomfort caused by stimulation of pain receptors acting as a body defense
mechanism
what is somatic pain?
originating from muscle, bone, joints, tendons, or blood vessels and conducted by
sensory fibers
How is somatic pain conducted?
by sensory fibers
what is visceral pain?
,Originating from interior organs, acute or chronic
Aching, Poorly localized, Often accompanied by autonomic responses, conducted by
sympathetic fibers
how is visceral pain conducted?
by sympathetic fibers
what are the sensory dimensions of pain?
location, intensity, pattern, and quality
what is hyperalgesia?
increased sensitivity to pain, possibly resulting from damage to nociceptors
autonomic and behavioural responses to pain
self-protection and coping methods
What is nociception?
The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli
What are the 4 pain processes?
transduction, transmission, perception, modulation
What is transduction?
conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action
potential on free nerve endings by releasing chemicals to excite the peripheral afferent
nociceptor
What is transmission?
the movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain and the release
of neurotransmitters
What is perception?
,the process of organizing and consciously interpreting sensory pain information,
enabling us to respond accordingly
What is modulation?
Activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or excitatory effects on pain
transmission to
Which molecules inhibit pain transmission?
Serotonin, norepinephrine and endogenous opioids such as endorphins and morphine-
like chemicals
What is the gate control theory?
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or
allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals
traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information
coming from the brain.
physiological pain response
tachycardia, increased BP, facial expressions, restlessness, guarding, nausea/vomiting,
fainting/dizziness, anxiety/fear, cool, pale, moist skin, increased respiratory rate and
muscle tension
What is referred pain?
pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source, often characteristic of visceral
damage to internal organs
What is phantom pain?
pain experienced in the area of a body part that has been surgically or traumatically
removed
, What are the different kinds of headaches?
Congestion, eye strain
Muscle spasms and tension
Temporal area
Migraine
Intracranial
Central
Neuropathic
Ischemic
Cancer-related
what causes muscle spasm and tension headaches?
emotional stress
what causes temporal headaches?
temporomandibular joint syndrome
what causes migraine headaches?
abnormal blood flow and metabolism in the brain
what causes intracranial headaches?
increased pressure inside the skull
what causes central pain in headaches?
dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord
what causes neuropathic pain in headaches?
trauma or disease involving peripheral nerves
what causes ischemic pain in headaches?
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
causes of pain
Inflammation
Infection
Ischemia and tissue necrosis
Stretching of tissue
Stretching of tendons, ligaments, joint capsule
Chemicals
Burns
Muscle spasm
what is pain?
discomfort caused by stimulation of pain receptors acting as a body defense
mechanism
what is somatic pain?
originating from muscle, bone, joints, tendons, or blood vessels and conducted by
sensory fibers
How is somatic pain conducted?
by sensory fibers
what is visceral pain?
,Originating from interior organs, acute or chronic
Aching, Poorly localized, Often accompanied by autonomic responses, conducted by
sympathetic fibers
how is visceral pain conducted?
by sympathetic fibers
what are the sensory dimensions of pain?
location, intensity, pattern, and quality
what is hyperalgesia?
increased sensitivity to pain, possibly resulting from damage to nociceptors
autonomic and behavioural responses to pain
self-protection and coping methods
What is nociception?
The neural process of encoding noxious stimuli
What are the 4 pain processes?
transduction, transmission, perception, modulation
What is transduction?
conversion of a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a neuronal action
potential on free nerve endings by releasing chemicals to excite the peripheral afferent
nociceptor
What is transmission?
the movement of pain impulses from the site of transduction to the brain and the release
of neurotransmitters
What is perception?
,the process of organizing and consciously interpreting sensory pain information,
enabling us to respond accordingly
What is modulation?
Activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or excitatory effects on pain
transmission to
Which molecules inhibit pain transmission?
Serotonin, norepinephrine and endogenous opioids such as endorphins and morphine-
like chemicals
What is the gate control theory?
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or
allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals
traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information
coming from the brain.
physiological pain response
tachycardia, increased BP, facial expressions, restlessness, guarding, nausea/vomiting,
fainting/dizziness, anxiety/fear, cool, pale, moist skin, increased respiratory rate and
muscle tension
What is referred pain?
pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source, often characteristic of visceral
damage to internal organs
What is phantom pain?
pain experienced in the area of a body part that has been surgically or traumatically
removed
, What are the different kinds of headaches?
Congestion, eye strain
Muscle spasms and tension
Temporal area
Migraine
Intracranial
Central
Neuropathic
Ischemic
Cancer-related
what causes muscle spasm and tension headaches?
emotional stress
what causes temporal headaches?
temporomandibular joint syndrome
what causes migraine headaches?
abnormal blood flow and metabolism in the brain
what causes intracranial headaches?
increased pressure inside the skull
what causes central pain in headaches?
dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord
what causes neuropathic pain in headaches?
trauma or disease involving peripheral nerves
what causes ischemic pain in headaches?
