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Infertility
Lack of conception post unprotected sex for a period of 6 to 12 months
Subfertility
Difficulty conceiving because both partners have reduced fertility
Secondary infertility
Inability to conceive after one or more successful pregnancies
Fertility realities
composition of the infertile population has changed due to delayed childbearing,
increased LGTBQ population, host of environmental factors, increased risk of assisted
reproductive techniques, increased availability of use of infertility services
Fertility realities: Infrequent coitus
In binary couples, the most important determinant of failure to conceive
Fertility realities: Age
Fertility begins to drop steadily after age 32 in females
Fertility begins to drop steadily after age 40 in males
Increased number of older individuals attempting conception after peak fertility years
Smoking significantly increases infertility
infertility risk factors
Age, smoking, excessive alcohol use, extreme weight gain or loss, excessive physical
or emotional stress, STIs, health problems that cause hormonal changes (PCOS)
chemical exposure
Components of fertility and infertility
Affects over 15 percent of those desiring pregnancy
Components of fertility and infertility
Biological male: Normal semen analysis physiologically normal sperm with mobility and
motility within the expected range
Unobstructed genital tract: No varicoceles, strictures, tumors, infections, trauma,
congenital anomalies, undescended testicles, and vasectomy.
Normal genital tract secretions: abnormal: infections, tumors, autoimmunity to semen
Ejaculate deposited at the cervix: sexual dysfunction including premature ejaculation,
impotence, and obesity, retrograde ejaculation,
Absence or presence of disease processes affecting fertility: hypogonadism, cancer,
diabetes, hypertension
Components of fertility and infertility
Biological female: Ovulation and release of physiologically normal ovaries
Endometriosis
Patent tubes with normal motility