Arteriosclerosis - ANSWER degenerative changes in the small arteries and
arterioles
Heart Failure - ANSWER The heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of
blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body
Heart Failure Patho - ANSWER Increased renin and aldosterone.
Heart chambers dilate and cardio muscle becomes hypertrophied (big)
Right-sided Heart Failure - ANSWER Right ventricles cannot maintain output,
therefore less blood proceeds to the left side of the heart
Heart Failure Etiology - ANSWER Infarction that impairs the pumping ability.
Increased demands of the heart cause HF.
Heart Failure S&S - ANSWER Dyspnea, Cold Intolerance, Hypertension,
Tachycardia
Cardiac Arrest - ANSWER Cessation of all heart activity
Arrhythmias - ANSWER Deviation form the normal cardiac rhythm
Dysrhythmias - ANSWER Reduce efficiency of the hearts pumping cycle
Arrhythmia causes - ANSWER Results from damage to the heart.
Causes electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia, stress, and fever
Arrhythmia Treatment - ANSWER Antiarrhythmic drugs - slows AV node
conduction ;
BB, CCB, Digoxin
Bradycardia - ANSWER slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
Tachycardia - ANSWER rapid heart rate 100-160 bpm
, sick sinus syndrome - ANSWER alternating bradycardia and tachycardia
myocardial infarction (heart attack) - ANSWER Death of myocardial tissue
due to deficiency of blood
MI patho - ANSWER Atherosclerosis ; obstruction coronary arteries leading to
ischemia and cell death of the heart wall
MI S&S - ANSWER Sudden chest pain that radiate to left arm, shoulder, jaw,
and neck
Hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, anxiety, fear, SOB
MI Diagnostics - ANSWER Troponin levels - blood protein
Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia
ECG
MI treatment - ANSWER Anticoagulants - Heparin, Warfarin
Keep patient calm
Lifestyle modifications: diet, exercise, reduce stress
Angina - ANSWER Deficit in oxygen to the heart muscle ;
Reduced blood supply can be caused by arthrosclerosis
Angina Etiology - ANSWER Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, vasospasms,
myocardial hypertrophy, anemias, respiratory disease
Angina attack causes - ANSWER Eating a large meal, walking upstairs,
getting angry, fever/infection
Angina S&S - ANSWER triggered by physical or emotional stress,
nausea, diaphoresis, pallor
Angina Treatment - ANSWER Nitroglycerin - dissolve under tongue
Rest, avoid sudden physical exertion
Reduce anxiety and stress
Cardiac Output equation - ANSWER CO = heart rate x stroke volume
arterioles
Heart Failure - ANSWER The heart is unable to pump a sufficient amount of
blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body
Heart Failure Patho - ANSWER Increased renin and aldosterone.
Heart chambers dilate and cardio muscle becomes hypertrophied (big)
Right-sided Heart Failure - ANSWER Right ventricles cannot maintain output,
therefore less blood proceeds to the left side of the heart
Heart Failure Etiology - ANSWER Infarction that impairs the pumping ability.
Increased demands of the heart cause HF.
Heart Failure S&S - ANSWER Dyspnea, Cold Intolerance, Hypertension,
Tachycardia
Cardiac Arrest - ANSWER Cessation of all heart activity
Arrhythmias - ANSWER Deviation form the normal cardiac rhythm
Dysrhythmias - ANSWER Reduce efficiency of the hearts pumping cycle
Arrhythmia causes - ANSWER Results from damage to the heart.
Causes electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia, stress, and fever
Arrhythmia Treatment - ANSWER Antiarrhythmic drugs - slows AV node
conduction ;
BB, CCB, Digoxin
Bradycardia - ANSWER slow heart rate (less than 60 bpm)
Tachycardia - ANSWER rapid heart rate 100-160 bpm
, sick sinus syndrome - ANSWER alternating bradycardia and tachycardia
myocardial infarction (heart attack) - ANSWER Death of myocardial tissue
due to deficiency of blood
MI patho - ANSWER Atherosclerosis ; obstruction coronary arteries leading to
ischemia and cell death of the heart wall
MI S&S - ANSWER Sudden chest pain that radiate to left arm, shoulder, jaw,
and neck
Hypotension, pallor, diaphoresis, anxiety, fear, SOB
MI Diagnostics - ANSWER Troponin levels - blood protein
Hyponatremia, Hyperkalemia
ECG
MI treatment - ANSWER Anticoagulants - Heparin, Warfarin
Keep patient calm
Lifestyle modifications: diet, exercise, reduce stress
Angina - ANSWER Deficit in oxygen to the heart muscle ;
Reduced blood supply can be caused by arthrosclerosis
Angina Etiology - ANSWER Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, vasospasms,
myocardial hypertrophy, anemias, respiratory disease
Angina attack causes - ANSWER Eating a large meal, walking upstairs,
getting angry, fever/infection
Angina S&S - ANSWER triggered by physical or emotional stress,
nausea, diaphoresis, pallor
Angina Treatment - ANSWER Nitroglycerin - dissolve under tongue
Rest, avoid sudden physical exertion
Reduce anxiety and stress
Cardiac Output equation - ANSWER CO = heart rate x stroke volume
