BLD 402 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ 100% GUARANTEED PASS
Angiotensin II
-converted from angiotensin I by ACE in the lungs
-constricts blood vessels
-triggers aldosterone release from adrenal cortex
-stimulates hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (aka vasopressin)
-increases renal water reabsorption
-secreted from pituitary
What conditions will activate the RAA system in the kidney ("i")?
-decrease in perfusion pressure
-sympathetic nerve stimulation
-low [Na]
renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
aldosterone
-released from adrenal cortex
-increases renal water reabsorption
-increases Na retention K excretion
What physiological actions are related to BNP
,-suppression of the RAA system
-inhibit salt appetite
-decreased water intake
What would stimulate the release of ADH
-angiotensin II
-hypovolemia
-increase in extracellular osmolarity
angiotensin I
-converted from angiotensinogen by kidney
angiotensinogen
-protein made by liver
What are the different compartments that water is divided
-intracellular (40% of body weight)
-extracellular (5% plasma and 15% interstitial)
What would you expect to see in a patient with SIADH?
decrease in plasma osmolarity
Blood volume vs plasma volume
blood volume is made up of plasma and RBCs
What will decrease from excess vomiting
Cl
Importance of blood volume
-transport mechanism for proteins, hormones, oxygen, and waste
-maintains blood pressure
,What's associated with hypokalemia?
alkalosis
Body water lab results for diabetes insipidus:
ADH
Water reabsorption
Plasma Osm/L
Urine Osm/L
low ADH
low water reabsorption
high plasma Osm/L
low urine Osm/L
When would an increase in the anion gap be seen?
when there is excess production/retention of an anion other than bicarbonate or chloride
Body water lab results for SIADH:
ADH
Water reabsorption
Plasma Osm/L
Urine Osm/L
high ADH
high water reabsorption
low plasma Osm/L
high urine Osm/L
hypoaldosteronism
, increased plasma [K] due to low excretion
Regulations between intracellular and extracellular fluid
-semi-permeable membrane
-electrostatic gradient
-osmotic gradient
-oncotic pressure
-hydrostatic pressure
SIADH
decreased plasma [Na] due to plasma being more diluted than normal
Hypotonic solution
More solute is inside of the cell compared to outside
-cell gains water
hyperaldosteronism
increased plasma [Na] due to over reabsorption
Hypertonic solution
More solute is outside of the cell compared to inside
-cell loses water
diabetes insipidus
increased plasma [Na] due to dehydration
Isotonic Solution
Solute concentration inside of the cell is equal to solute concentration outside of the cell
Major intracellular cations
Mg, K, Na
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ 100% GUARANTEED PASS
Angiotensin II
-converted from angiotensin I by ACE in the lungs
-constricts blood vessels
-triggers aldosterone release from adrenal cortex
-stimulates hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (aka vasopressin)
-increases renal water reabsorption
-secreted from pituitary
What conditions will activate the RAA system in the kidney ("i")?
-decrease in perfusion pressure
-sympathetic nerve stimulation
-low [Na]
renin
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
aldosterone
-released from adrenal cortex
-increases renal water reabsorption
-increases Na retention K excretion
What physiological actions are related to BNP
,-suppression of the RAA system
-inhibit salt appetite
-decreased water intake
What would stimulate the release of ADH
-angiotensin II
-hypovolemia
-increase in extracellular osmolarity
angiotensin I
-converted from angiotensinogen by kidney
angiotensinogen
-protein made by liver
What are the different compartments that water is divided
-intracellular (40% of body weight)
-extracellular (5% plasma and 15% interstitial)
What would you expect to see in a patient with SIADH?
decrease in plasma osmolarity
Blood volume vs plasma volume
blood volume is made up of plasma and RBCs
What will decrease from excess vomiting
Cl
Importance of blood volume
-transport mechanism for proteins, hormones, oxygen, and waste
-maintains blood pressure
,What's associated with hypokalemia?
alkalosis
Body water lab results for diabetes insipidus:
ADH
Water reabsorption
Plasma Osm/L
Urine Osm/L
low ADH
low water reabsorption
high plasma Osm/L
low urine Osm/L
When would an increase in the anion gap be seen?
when there is excess production/retention of an anion other than bicarbonate or chloride
Body water lab results for SIADH:
ADH
Water reabsorption
Plasma Osm/L
Urine Osm/L
high ADH
high water reabsorption
low plasma Osm/L
high urine Osm/L
hypoaldosteronism
, increased plasma [K] due to low excretion
Regulations between intracellular and extracellular fluid
-semi-permeable membrane
-electrostatic gradient
-osmotic gradient
-oncotic pressure
-hydrostatic pressure
SIADH
decreased plasma [Na] due to plasma being more diluted than normal
Hypotonic solution
More solute is inside of the cell compared to outside
-cell gains water
hyperaldosteronism
increased plasma [Na] due to over reabsorption
Hypertonic solution
More solute is outside of the cell compared to inside
-cell loses water
diabetes insipidus
increased plasma [Na] due to dehydration
Isotonic Solution
Solute concentration inside of the cell is equal to solute concentration outside of the cell
Major intracellular cations
Mg, K, Na
