BLD 402 (ELECTROLYTES) EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+

BLD 402 (ELECTROLYTES) EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A+ What is the major cation and anion in intracellular and extracellular fluids? More K+ inside the cell More Na+ outside the cell Balanced charge total + and - charge are always equal. Na+, Cl- and HCO3 always moving in and out to maintain the balance Anion gap total charge of cation and anion in plasma (mmol/L) Na+ Cl- HCO3- Increased anion gap Causes of increased unmeasured anions: -Metabolic acidosis: ketoacidosis, uremia, lactic acidosis, salicylate poisoning. -Non-metabolic acidosis: hyperphosphatemia, hypersulfatemia, large dose of anionic medication, protein net charge shifted in alkalosis Causes of decreased unmeasured cations: -hypocalcemia -hypomagnesemia Decreased anion gap Increased unmeasured cations: -Hypercalcemia -Hypermagnesemia -Paraproteins (proteins made by cancer/abnormal condition): M proteins. -Polyclonal gamma globulins: inflammation -Anionic drugs Decreased unmeasured anions: -Hypoalbuminemia (net charge of albumin is negative in normal pH) -Hypophosphatemia What causes hyponatremia? -Water excess: plasma is diluted