BLD 402 DM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE

BLD 402 DM EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH

COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE


Glycolysis

Glucose to 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate

Hexose monophosphate shunt

Glycogen to ribose 5-phosphate and CO2

Glycogenesis

Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to Glucose 1-phosphate (G6P) to Glycogen

Glycogenolysis

Glycogen to G1P

Gluconeogenesis

1. Lipid (Triglyceride = fatty acids + glycerol)

2. Carbohydrates (pyruvate)

3. Protein (Amino acids)

4. Lactate



--> Glucose

Insulin biosynthesis

1. B cell of pancreas produces preproinsulin (signal peptide + A, C, B chain)

2. Signal peptide allows to be inserted into endoplasmic reticulum

3. Endoplasmic reticulum cuts off signal peptide

, 4. The peptide forms a disulfide bridge between A and B chain (proinsulin)

5. Peptide is transported to Golgi apparatus, then secretory vesicle

6. Secretory vesicle hydrolyzes it to A-chain, C-chain, B-chain

7. A-chain and B-chain are attached through disulfide bridge (insulin)

8. insulin binds to zinc and crystallized in granule, C-peptide remains soluble in the

granule

Insulin secretion is stimulated by

Glucosed, amino acids, fatty acids

Insulin circulates...

Insulin exocytosis --> portal circulation --> liver --> peripheral circulation--> binds to

insulin receptor of target cells

Insulin stimulates..

1. Glucose uptake

2. Glycolysis

3. Glycogenesis

4. Triglyceride synthesis

5. Protein synthesis

6. Na (out) /K (in) ATPase

Insulin inhibits...

1. Glycogenolysis

2. Gluconeogensis

3. Lipolysis

4. B-oxidation of fatty acids