BLD 402 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
↑ hCG
Can indicate an incomplete mole.
↓ hCG
May indicate an ectopic pregnancy.
hCG utility - females:
Can be used to monitor the recurrence of choriocarcinoma when a woman is not
pregnant.
hCG utility - males:
Detectable levels indicate testicular cancer.
hCG has a close enough structure to the TSH receptor, so
________________________ is a common phenomenon in pregnancy.
hyperthyroidism
In pregnancy, E2 plays a very ________ role, and is quickly overtaken by ____
production (produced by the fetus and ________________).
small role; E3; placenta
E3 > E2 by...
the second trimester
E3 Function
Increases maternal blood circulation to the uterus.
,Excess E3 will be conjugated by the mother's ____________ and excreted in the
__________, so we use urine lab tests for E3.
liver; urine
Pregnancy progression is monitored with a general __________ in E3
concentrations over time.
rise
Placental detachment is indicated with a rapid ______ in ___ in maternal urine.
drop; E3
Fetal death is indicated by a sudden ______ in production of _____.
halt; E3
Fetal growth retardation is indicated when E3 does not __________________ to
the normal levels throughout pregnancy.
increase
Progesterone __________________ in the first trimester, _____________________,
in the second trimester, and then ______________ in the third trimester.
increases; decreases; spikes
Cause of gestational hypertension...
hCG being produced by the fetus/placenta, and it has a very similar structure to TSH,
and thus can bind to a TSH receptor.
Gestational Hyperlipidemia
An expected phenomenon of pregnancy; the fetus utilizes lipids.
Lipid levels will often return to normal after pregnancy.
,Gestational Hyperlipidemia Laboratory Results
Triglycerides increase;
HDL-C/LDL-C ↓
In pregnancy, albumin decreases because...
the fetus uses a lot of amino acids.
In pregnancy, IgG decreases because...
it will go through the placenta to aid in the formation of the baby's immune system.
Transport proteins in pregnancy:
Transport proteins increase in pregnancy.
Coagulation factors in pregnancy.
Many of them will increase but some of them will decrease.
Alkaline Phosphatase in pregnancy...
ALP increases because of increased ALP isoezyme production from the placenta.
Gestational Hyperglycemai
-Occurs because of increased hyperglycemic hormones during pregnancy.
-There is not enough insulin to balance out this increase.
Gestational diabetes epidemiology:
2 - 5% of the population
Glucosuria in pregnancy
Glucose in urine with normal blood glucose.
, -Glomerular filtration rate increases during pregnancy and the ability to reabsorb
glucose from renal tubules decreases.
Gestational diabetes _________________ be screened by urine glucose because
it could be gestational ____________________.
cannot; glycosuria
Hydatiform Mole (Trophoblastic Disease)
Abnormal Proliferation of trophoblast and hydropic degeneration (water increases in
cells) of chronic villi.
Complete Hydatiform Mole (Trophoblastic Disease)
-The fetus cannot be identified in the amniotic sac.
-This is caused by fertilization of a sperm with an empty egg.
Outcome of a Complete Hydatiform Mole:
The embryo cannot develop.
Incomplete Hydatiform Mole:
Incomplete mole is attached to some fetal parts and some normal placental tissue.
This is caused by fertilization of two sperms and an egg.
Outcome of an Incomplete Hydatiform Mole:
The embryo will die.
Diagnosis of Trophoblastic Disease:
Higher than normal hCG; ultrasonography for confirmation.
Treatment of Trophoblastic Disease:
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
↑ hCG
Can indicate an incomplete mole.
↓ hCG
May indicate an ectopic pregnancy.
hCG utility - females:
Can be used to monitor the recurrence of choriocarcinoma when a woman is not
pregnant.
hCG utility - males:
Detectable levels indicate testicular cancer.
hCG has a close enough structure to the TSH receptor, so
________________________ is a common phenomenon in pregnancy.
hyperthyroidism
In pregnancy, E2 plays a very ________ role, and is quickly overtaken by ____
production (produced by the fetus and ________________).
small role; E3; placenta
E3 > E2 by...
the second trimester
E3 Function
Increases maternal blood circulation to the uterus.
,Excess E3 will be conjugated by the mother's ____________ and excreted in the
__________, so we use urine lab tests for E3.
liver; urine
Pregnancy progression is monitored with a general __________ in E3
concentrations over time.
rise
Placental detachment is indicated with a rapid ______ in ___ in maternal urine.
drop; E3
Fetal death is indicated by a sudden ______ in production of _____.
halt; E3
Fetal growth retardation is indicated when E3 does not __________________ to
the normal levels throughout pregnancy.
increase
Progesterone __________________ in the first trimester, _____________________,
in the second trimester, and then ______________ in the third trimester.
increases; decreases; spikes
Cause of gestational hypertension...
hCG being produced by the fetus/placenta, and it has a very similar structure to TSH,
and thus can bind to a TSH receptor.
Gestational Hyperlipidemia
An expected phenomenon of pregnancy; the fetus utilizes lipids.
Lipid levels will often return to normal after pregnancy.
,Gestational Hyperlipidemia Laboratory Results
Triglycerides increase;
HDL-C/LDL-C ↓
In pregnancy, albumin decreases because...
the fetus uses a lot of amino acids.
In pregnancy, IgG decreases because...
it will go through the placenta to aid in the formation of the baby's immune system.
Transport proteins in pregnancy:
Transport proteins increase in pregnancy.
Coagulation factors in pregnancy.
Many of them will increase but some of them will decrease.
Alkaline Phosphatase in pregnancy...
ALP increases because of increased ALP isoezyme production from the placenta.
Gestational Hyperglycemai
-Occurs because of increased hyperglycemic hormones during pregnancy.
-There is not enough insulin to balance out this increase.
Gestational diabetes epidemiology:
2 - 5% of the population
Glucosuria in pregnancy
Glucose in urine with normal blood glucose.
, -Glomerular filtration rate increases during pregnancy and the ability to reabsorb
glucose from renal tubules decreases.
Gestational diabetes _________________ be screened by urine glucose because
it could be gestational ____________________.
cannot; glycosuria
Hydatiform Mole (Trophoblastic Disease)
Abnormal Proliferation of trophoblast and hydropic degeneration (water increases in
cells) of chronic villi.
Complete Hydatiform Mole (Trophoblastic Disease)
-The fetus cannot be identified in the amniotic sac.
-This is caused by fertilization of a sperm with an empty egg.
Outcome of a Complete Hydatiform Mole:
The embryo cannot develop.
Incomplete Hydatiform Mole:
Incomplete mole is attached to some fetal parts and some normal placental tissue.
This is caused by fertilization of two sperms and an egg.
Outcome of an Incomplete Hydatiform Mole:
The embryo will die.
Diagnosis of Trophoblastic Disease:
Higher than normal hCG; ultrasonography for confirmation.
Treatment of Trophoblastic Disease:
