BLD 402 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
List and define the hormonal, physiologic, and biochemical factors involved in
the regulation of total body water
-What each hormone does
-What would trigger the secretion
-How are they related to each other
Physiological activity: protein function, circulation, etc. It is a solvent for all the
biochemical reactions and transportations
Hormonal: keeping water (hypothalamus and RAA system) and removing water
(natriuretic peptides)
RAA: Renin is released from kidney when is senses renal perfusion pressure low, Na+
low, sympathetic nerve stimulation. Then converts angiotensinogen (from liver) to
angiotensin I and then ACE converts that to angiotensin II which constricts blood
vessels, triggers aldosterone release from adrenal cortex (Na+ in and K+ out), stimulate
hypothalamus which sends thirst signal and then ADH is secreted from pituitary (ADH
keeps water)
Natriuretic: relaxes blood vessel by suppressing sympathetic nervous system activity,
increases vascular permeability to increase Na+ excretion, increase water excretion,
increase GFR, suppress RAA, inhibit salt appetite, water intake is decreased, inhibit
secretion and activity of ADH. Peptides are released in response to hypervolemia (blood
,volume increased). ANP (cardiac atria), BNP (left ventricle), C-type (many other tissues
at low level)
Define the different compartments into which body water is divided
-Where is the body water?
-Where is the majority of body water?
-Are the volume of plasma and blood the same or different? Why?
-Is losing a half of your blood a serious deal?
40% intracellular water
20% extracellular water (5% plasma and 15% interstitial fluid)
In extensive bleeding situation, blood cannot circulate well if volume is significantly low
and the body will try to fix it by moving water into blood vessel (cells and many
components are still low but volume is at least increased somewhat
List and discuss the pathologic features associated with an imbalance of body
water
-What would happen if those hormones are too much, too little, or are inhibited?
What would happen to blood? To urine?
-What would you expect to see in lab results?
Dehydration
-Normonatremic dehydration: loss of water and Na+ by vomiting or diarrhea
-Hypernatremic dehydration:
1. water and food deprivation (water deficit leads to concentrate body water and Na+
increases)
2. excessive sweating with inadequate water intake: loss of water is much greater than
, Na+
3. diabetes insipidus: deficiency of ADH leads to decreased water reabsorption and so
body water decreases and Na+ increases from concentration of body water. Plasma
Osm/L is increased (cause its concentrating) while urine Osm/L is decreased.
-Hyponatremic dehydration: excessive sweating with water intake: loss of Na+ is not
compensated. Need to drink sports drink
Overhydration
-Polydipsia: excessive water consumption
-Excess hypotonic IV fluid (too much water w/o Na+)
-Excess ADH from either SIADH (plasma Osm/L is decreased (cause it keeps diluting)
while urine Osm/L is increased) or ectopic ADH
Given clinical laboratory values, be prepared to interpret such as it pertains to
disorders associated with body water
Define factors that determine the regulation of body water in these different
compartments:
-Regulation between intracellular and extracellular fluid
-What is hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution?
-Water moves from where to where in hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution?
-semi-permeable membrane allows water and some small particles to pass through to
get equilibrium of particles
-electro static gradient (repel/attract ions due to their charge)
-osmotic gradient: unequal concentration of particles will move water to the other side
-oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure): protein attracts water
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED GRADED A++
List and define the hormonal, physiologic, and biochemical factors involved in
the regulation of total body water
-What each hormone does
-What would trigger the secretion
-How are they related to each other
Physiological activity: protein function, circulation, etc. It is a solvent for all the
biochemical reactions and transportations
Hormonal: keeping water (hypothalamus and RAA system) and removing water
(natriuretic peptides)
RAA: Renin is released from kidney when is senses renal perfusion pressure low, Na+
low, sympathetic nerve stimulation. Then converts angiotensinogen (from liver) to
angiotensin I and then ACE converts that to angiotensin II which constricts blood
vessels, triggers aldosterone release from adrenal cortex (Na+ in and K+ out), stimulate
hypothalamus which sends thirst signal and then ADH is secreted from pituitary (ADH
keeps water)
Natriuretic: relaxes blood vessel by suppressing sympathetic nervous system activity,
increases vascular permeability to increase Na+ excretion, increase water excretion,
increase GFR, suppress RAA, inhibit salt appetite, water intake is decreased, inhibit
secretion and activity of ADH. Peptides are released in response to hypervolemia (blood
,volume increased). ANP (cardiac atria), BNP (left ventricle), C-type (many other tissues
at low level)
Define the different compartments into which body water is divided
-Where is the body water?
-Where is the majority of body water?
-Are the volume of plasma and blood the same or different? Why?
-Is losing a half of your blood a serious deal?
40% intracellular water
20% extracellular water (5% plasma and 15% interstitial fluid)
In extensive bleeding situation, blood cannot circulate well if volume is significantly low
and the body will try to fix it by moving water into blood vessel (cells and many
components are still low but volume is at least increased somewhat
List and discuss the pathologic features associated with an imbalance of body
water
-What would happen if those hormones are too much, too little, or are inhibited?
What would happen to blood? To urine?
-What would you expect to see in lab results?
Dehydration
-Normonatremic dehydration: loss of water and Na+ by vomiting or diarrhea
-Hypernatremic dehydration:
1. water and food deprivation (water deficit leads to concentrate body water and Na+
increases)
2. excessive sweating with inadequate water intake: loss of water is much greater than
, Na+
3. diabetes insipidus: deficiency of ADH leads to decreased water reabsorption and so
body water decreases and Na+ increases from concentration of body water. Plasma
Osm/L is increased (cause its concentrating) while urine Osm/L is decreased.
-Hyponatremic dehydration: excessive sweating with water intake: loss of Na+ is not
compensated. Need to drink sports drink
Overhydration
-Polydipsia: excessive water consumption
-Excess hypotonic IV fluid (too much water w/o Na+)
-Excess ADH from either SIADH (plasma Osm/L is decreased (cause it keeps diluting)
while urine Osm/L is increased) or ectopic ADH
Given clinical laboratory values, be prepared to interpret such as it pertains to
disorders associated with body water
Define factors that determine the regulation of body water in these different
compartments:
-Regulation between intracellular and extracellular fluid
-What is hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution?
-Water moves from where to where in hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution?
-semi-permeable membrane allows water and some small particles to pass through to
get equilibrium of particles
-electro static gradient (repel/attract ions due to their charge)
-osmotic gradient: unequal concentration of particles will move water to the other side
-oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure): protein attracts water
