BLD 402, EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Monitoring eGFR and urine microalbumin is important for diabetes mellitus
patients. Why?
Because glomerular nephropathy is one of common complications in uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus.
A patient's lab test results were following: fasting serum glucose 300 mg/dL,
anion gap 10 mEq/L (7-16 mEq/L) , blood pH 7.38, urine glucose 3+.
Which condition would best fit this data set?
hyperglycemia
A patient with type 1 diabetes had multiple lab tests. Her lab test results were
following: low blood glucose, , low C-peptide level, other tests were normal.
Which condition may be explain this data set?
over treatment with insulin (excess use of insulin)
Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus patients often become ketoacidosis. Where
do those ketones come from?
β-oxidation of fatty acid
the main estrogen produced by ovaries
estradiol (E2)
In a menstrual cycle, when does the level of LH and FSH reach to their peak?
just before ovulation
,When should progesterone be measured when evaluating an adult female for
anovulation?
in the later half of cycle after LH peak
What hormone should be measured to diagnose a female with hirsutism?
testosterone and other androgens
The onset of menopause is usually associated with what hormone changes?
decreased estrogen & increased LH, FSH
(often FSH>LH)
What lab results are associated with a female with secondary ovarian failure
(hypogonadotropic ovarian failure)?
LH, FSH, and estrogen
decreased LH, FSH, estrogen
What lab results are associated with an adult male with primary testicular failure?
LH, FSH, and testosterone
increased LH, FSH & decreased testosterone
seminiferous tubules function
spermatogenesis, production/secretion of testosterone
epididymis function
sperm storage and maturation, phagocytizing of accumulated sperm cells
seminal vesicle function
fluid secretion (75%): fructose, coagulum factors, and flavin
prostate function
, fluid secretion (25%): citrate, coagulum factors, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase,
and zinc
Why is 24 h urine specimen better than serum for testing cortisol level?
The level of cortisol secretion changes in a circadian rhythm.
hormones secreted from the adrenal glands
cortisol, estradiol (E2), aldosterone, and testosterone
Adrenal genital syndrome is caused by a deficiency of enzyme in the cortisol
synthesis pathway. How is this related to the typical symptom such as
ambiguous genitalia or precocious puberty?
More steroids will flow into testosterone synthesis.
steps stimulated by TSH
- uptake of amino acids used in the synthesis of thyroglobulin
- hydrolysis of thyroglobulin to free the thyroid hormones
- synthesis of thyroid hormones
- secretion of thyroid hormones
the most bioactive thyroid hormone
fT3
amino acid residue required in the formation of thyroid hormone
tyrosine
Hypothyroid patient's lab test results indicate low T3, low T4, low TSH and low
TRH. Where is the most likely issue?
hypothalamus
What do follicular cells do with I- during thyroid hormone biosynthesis?
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Monitoring eGFR and urine microalbumin is important for diabetes mellitus
patients. Why?
Because glomerular nephropathy is one of common complications in uncontrolled
diabetes mellitus.
A patient's lab test results were following: fasting serum glucose 300 mg/dL,
anion gap 10 mEq/L (7-16 mEq/L) , blood pH 7.38, urine glucose 3+.
Which condition would best fit this data set?
hyperglycemia
A patient with type 1 diabetes had multiple lab tests. Her lab test results were
following: low blood glucose, , low C-peptide level, other tests were normal.
Which condition may be explain this data set?
over treatment with insulin (excess use of insulin)
Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus patients often become ketoacidosis. Where
do those ketones come from?
β-oxidation of fatty acid
the main estrogen produced by ovaries
estradiol (E2)
In a menstrual cycle, when does the level of LH and FSH reach to their peak?
just before ovulation
,When should progesterone be measured when evaluating an adult female for
anovulation?
in the later half of cycle after LH peak
What hormone should be measured to diagnose a female with hirsutism?
testosterone and other androgens
The onset of menopause is usually associated with what hormone changes?
decreased estrogen & increased LH, FSH
(often FSH>LH)
What lab results are associated with a female with secondary ovarian failure
(hypogonadotropic ovarian failure)?
LH, FSH, and estrogen
decreased LH, FSH, estrogen
What lab results are associated with an adult male with primary testicular failure?
LH, FSH, and testosterone
increased LH, FSH & decreased testosterone
seminiferous tubules function
spermatogenesis, production/secretion of testosterone
epididymis function
sperm storage and maturation, phagocytizing of accumulated sperm cells
seminal vesicle function
fluid secretion (75%): fructose, coagulum factors, and flavin
prostate function
, fluid secretion (25%): citrate, coagulum factors, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase,
and zinc
Why is 24 h urine specimen better than serum for testing cortisol level?
The level of cortisol secretion changes in a circadian rhythm.
hormones secreted from the adrenal glands
cortisol, estradiol (E2), aldosterone, and testosterone
Adrenal genital syndrome is caused by a deficiency of enzyme in the cortisol
synthesis pathway. How is this related to the typical symptom such as
ambiguous genitalia or precocious puberty?
More steroids will flow into testosterone synthesis.
steps stimulated by TSH
- uptake of amino acids used in the synthesis of thyroglobulin
- hydrolysis of thyroglobulin to free the thyroid hormones
- synthesis of thyroid hormones
- secretion of thyroid hormones
the most bioactive thyroid hormone
fT3
amino acid residue required in the formation of thyroid hormone
tyrosine
Hypothyroid patient's lab test results indicate low T3, low T4, low TSH and low
TRH. Where is the most likely issue?
hypothalamus
What do follicular cells do with I- during thyroid hormone biosynthesis?
