NCTRC WELL WRITTEN SUMMARY
early childhood
birth - age 6; developing fundamental motor and social
skills; rapid body change; interest in finding out limits
(cognitive, physical, social, and emotional); development
of communication skills; play is important and how many
of their skills are developed
childhood
ages 6 - 12; social world expands; begins to be involved in
organized sports, games, and extracurricular activities;
very involved in play; hand/eye coordination is improving;
friends become more significant than family; being like
everyone else becomes very important
adolescence
ages 13 - 21; peer groups (and pressure) become more
important than family and individual struggles to become
more independent from family; body begins to reach
maturation and interest in intimate relationships increases;
sexuality becomes intense with hormones influencing
behaviors; organized sports and music may become very
important; define selves in their own right; peer groups
remain important but family regains importance
early adulthood
ages 21 - 30; establish independence by completing their
education and seeking own occupation; may begin to have
more serious intimate relationships in order to establish
families of their own; bodies have reached maturation;
,interest in more challenging leisure activities such as rock
climbing or activities that allow for growth of relationships;
may develop interest in lifelong pursuits such as golf,
tennis, or running
middle adulthood
ages 30 - 45; family and career take priority; actively
involved in children's leisure pursuits; attend sporting
events, concerts, plays, etc; activities may be family
oriented; may still occasionally be involved in individual
pursuits of interest
older adulthood
ages 45 - 60; slowing down (of metabolism and activity
pursuit) and weight gain; reduction in strength and
flexibility; cognition stays strong; may experience midlife
crisis and depression; children are out of the house (empty
nest) resulting in not knowing what to do with time; may
need to take care of own parents as they become more
dependent
senior adulthood
ages 60 - 75; great amount of free time and most are
retired; may experience health problems but most are still
healthy in this stage; freedom to travel and participate in
activities of their choosing
"old-old" adulthood
ages 75 - death; physical and cognitive deterioration
occurs; vast majority of this group experiences health
problems and need assistance
behavioral health
largest population served by therapeutic recreation
specialist (at this time)
4 major theories of behavioral health
,psychoanalytic, behavioristic, growth or positive
psychology, and cognitive-behavioral
psychoanalytic therapy
developed by Sigmund Freud; based on influence of
instincts on thought and behavior; balance model with 3
divisions of personality: id (guided by the pleasure
principle which has a unique purpose - to get immediate
satisfaction for all desires and needs), ego (BALANCER,
reality principle which tries to satisfy the impulses of the id
in an acceptable manner), and superego (conscience
contains information about things and behavior
unacceptable by our parents or our society); defense
mechanisms used by ego: denial, repression,
displacement, projection, sublimation, rationalization, and
intellectualization; sexual instinct and 5 psychosexual
stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
behavioristic theory
a.k.a. behavior modification; behavior is learned, so
abnormal behavior is learned thus it can be changed
humanistic behavior
being self-aware, capable of accepting or rejecting
environmental influences and generally in conscious
control of their own destiny; Carl Rodger's person-
centered theory says therapist must demonstrate
unconditional positive regard for client and that techniques
are secondary to how the therapist treats the client; open
communication with clients is important; reality therapy
and gestalt therapy are in this category
cognitive behavioral
most widely accepted method of behavioral change; "a
person's thoughts or cognitions, dictate how he or she
, reacts emotionally and behaviorally to any particular
situation; 3 components: antecedents, action, and
consequences
antecedents
(in cognitive behavioral); 1st component: thoughts,
perceptions, or beliefs that a person has about a topic or
experience
action
(in cognitive behavioral); 2nd component: actual behavior
of patient or client
consequences
(in cognitive behavioral); 3rd component: actual response
to the action; response can reinforce original thoughts,
beliefs, or perceptions
self-efficacy
(principle of behavioral change); demonstrating the
expectations of his or her ability to cope with his or her
problems; person must be confident of his or her abilities
and not give up when the results of his or her actions are
not immediate
attribution model
person's explanation of the cause of events that occurred
in the person's life; may be explained by internal or
external attributes; EX. client says he was fired due to
"boss not liking him" (external) rather than him not
completing tasks on time (internal)
learned helplessness
phenomenon in which experience with uncontrollable
events creates passive behavior toward subsequent
threats to well-being; prior failures may prevent future
early childhood
birth - age 6; developing fundamental motor and social
skills; rapid body change; interest in finding out limits
(cognitive, physical, social, and emotional); development
of communication skills; play is important and how many
of their skills are developed
childhood
ages 6 - 12; social world expands; begins to be involved in
organized sports, games, and extracurricular activities;
very involved in play; hand/eye coordination is improving;
friends become more significant than family; being like
everyone else becomes very important
adolescence
ages 13 - 21; peer groups (and pressure) become more
important than family and individual struggles to become
more independent from family; body begins to reach
maturation and interest in intimate relationships increases;
sexuality becomes intense with hormones influencing
behaviors; organized sports and music may become very
important; define selves in their own right; peer groups
remain important but family regains importance
early adulthood
ages 21 - 30; establish independence by completing their
education and seeking own occupation; may begin to have
more serious intimate relationships in order to establish
families of their own; bodies have reached maturation;
,interest in more challenging leisure activities such as rock
climbing or activities that allow for growth of relationships;
may develop interest in lifelong pursuits such as golf,
tennis, or running
middle adulthood
ages 30 - 45; family and career take priority; actively
involved in children's leisure pursuits; attend sporting
events, concerts, plays, etc; activities may be family
oriented; may still occasionally be involved in individual
pursuits of interest
older adulthood
ages 45 - 60; slowing down (of metabolism and activity
pursuit) and weight gain; reduction in strength and
flexibility; cognition stays strong; may experience midlife
crisis and depression; children are out of the house (empty
nest) resulting in not knowing what to do with time; may
need to take care of own parents as they become more
dependent
senior adulthood
ages 60 - 75; great amount of free time and most are
retired; may experience health problems but most are still
healthy in this stage; freedom to travel and participate in
activities of their choosing
"old-old" adulthood
ages 75 - death; physical and cognitive deterioration
occurs; vast majority of this group experiences health
problems and need assistance
behavioral health
largest population served by therapeutic recreation
specialist (at this time)
4 major theories of behavioral health
,psychoanalytic, behavioristic, growth or positive
psychology, and cognitive-behavioral
psychoanalytic therapy
developed by Sigmund Freud; based on influence of
instincts on thought and behavior; balance model with 3
divisions of personality: id (guided by the pleasure
principle which has a unique purpose - to get immediate
satisfaction for all desires and needs), ego (BALANCER,
reality principle which tries to satisfy the impulses of the id
in an acceptable manner), and superego (conscience
contains information about things and behavior
unacceptable by our parents or our society); defense
mechanisms used by ego: denial, repression,
displacement, projection, sublimation, rationalization, and
intellectualization; sexual instinct and 5 psychosexual
stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
behavioristic theory
a.k.a. behavior modification; behavior is learned, so
abnormal behavior is learned thus it can be changed
humanistic behavior
being self-aware, capable of accepting or rejecting
environmental influences and generally in conscious
control of their own destiny; Carl Rodger's person-
centered theory says therapist must demonstrate
unconditional positive regard for client and that techniques
are secondary to how the therapist treats the client; open
communication with clients is important; reality therapy
and gestalt therapy are in this category
cognitive behavioral
most widely accepted method of behavioral change; "a
person's thoughts or cognitions, dictate how he or she
, reacts emotionally and behaviorally to any particular
situation; 3 components: antecedents, action, and
consequences
antecedents
(in cognitive behavioral); 1st component: thoughts,
perceptions, or beliefs that a person has about a topic or
experience
action
(in cognitive behavioral); 2nd component: actual behavior
of patient or client
consequences
(in cognitive behavioral); 3rd component: actual response
to the action; response can reinforce original thoughts,
beliefs, or perceptions
self-efficacy
(principle of behavioral change); demonstrating the
expectations of his or her ability to cope with his or her
problems; person must be confident of his or her abilities
and not give up when the results of his or her actions are
not immediate
attribution model
person's explanation of the cause of events that occurred
in the person's life; may be explained by internal or
external attributes; EX. client says he was fired due to
"boss not liking him" (external) rather than him not
completing tasks on time (internal)
learned helplessness
phenomenon in which experience with uncontrollable
events creates passive behavior toward subsequent
threats to well-being; prior failures may prevent future
