NCTRC QUESTIONS AND THEIR
EXPECTED ANSWERS
Spina Bifida
Defective closure of spinal canal causing protrusion of
spinal cord. Can cause paralysis & can have an emotional
impact.
Muscular Dystrophy
Progressive, inherited disease, gradual wasting of muscle
tissue. Can lead to wheelchair use, & cause socially
impaired interactions.
Spinal Cord Injuries
The higher up the injury occurs, the greater damage.
Includes loss of sensation below injury.
Multiple Sclerosis
20-40 years of age for onset. Symptoms: muscle spasms,
loss of sensation, bladder control. Physical & emotional
changes.
Cerebral Palsy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by athetosis
(involuntary motor movement), spasticity, speech
disturbance, poor balance (ataxia), stiffness, non-
progressive: is not degenerative.
Epilepsy
Seizures; Grand mal, petit mal; convulsions, loss of
consciousness.
TR for Spina Bifida
,Wheelchair activities: utilize skills to promote
independence, leisure education, community re-integration
& exercises to strengthen muscles.
TR for Muscular Dystrophy
Maintain muscle tone-promote movement,
accomplishment, exercise, aquatics, assistive devices,
promote creativity through crafts.
TR for Multiple Sclerosis
Social activities, success-oriented, Range of Motion.
TR for Cerebral Palsy
Relaxation, water aerobics, social activities, increases self
confidence.
TR for Epilepsy
Encourage normalization, reduce stress, fears & stigma;
relaxation, community activities, increase locus of control.
Psycho-Analytic Theory
Engaging in play to reduce anxiety. ie: play therapy-
abused child uses doll to master situation.
Catharsis Theory
Play to release repressed thoughts, feelings, and
emotions. An outlet for aggression.
Diversion Theory
To amuse ourselves.
Compensation Theory
To play/recreate, to fulfill needs not met at work.
Surplus Energy
To get rid of excess energy.
cervical vertebrae
C1-C8 nerves control neck and upper limb sensation.
Injury Above C3
Can impair breathing; ventilator support likely needed.
, Quadriplegia
Total loss of movement and sensation in all limbs.
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12 nerves affect thorax and abdomen functions.
Injury to T1 or Below
Preserves neck, shoulder, and arm movement.
T5 Injury Effects
Can impact balance and proprioception.
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5 nerves influence lower back and leg function.
sacral vertibrae
Control lower legs, pelvis, bowel, and bladder functions.
Intraindividual
Solo activity; action taking part in the individual's mind or
mind and part of body but no contact with another person
or external objects.
Extraindividual
Action directed by a person toward an object in the
environment, requiring no contact with another person.
Aggregate
Action directed by a person towards an object in the
environment while in the company of others also directed
towards an object. Action is not directed towards each
other and not participation between people is needed.
Interindividual
1:1 competition; action of a competitive nature directed by
one person towards another.
Unilateral
Action of a competitive nature among three or more
persons, one of whom is an antagonist or 'it'.
Multilateral
EXPECTED ANSWERS
Spina Bifida
Defective closure of spinal canal causing protrusion of
spinal cord. Can cause paralysis & can have an emotional
impact.
Muscular Dystrophy
Progressive, inherited disease, gradual wasting of muscle
tissue. Can lead to wheelchair use, & cause socially
impaired interactions.
Spinal Cord Injuries
The higher up the injury occurs, the greater damage.
Includes loss of sensation below injury.
Multiple Sclerosis
20-40 years of age for onset. Symptoms: muscle spasms,
loss of sensation, bladder control. Physical & emotional
changes.
Cerebral Palsy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by athetosis
(involuntary motor movement), spasticity, speech
disturbance, poor balance (ataxia), stiffness, non-
progressive: is not degenerative.
Epilepsy
Seizures; Grand mal, petit mal; convulsions, loss of
consciousness.
TR for Spina Bifida
,Wheelchair activities: utilize skills to promote
independence, leisure education, community re-integration
& exercises to strengthen muscles.
TR for Muscular Dystrophy
Maintain muscle tone-promote movement,
accomplishment, exercise, aquatics, assistive devices,
promote creativity through crafts.
TR for Multiple Sclerosis
Social activities, success-oriented, Range of Motion.
TR for Cerebral Palsy
Relaxation, water aerobics, social activities, increases self
confidence.
TR for Epilepsy
Encourage normalization, reduce stress, fears & stigma;
relaxation, community activities, increase locus of control.
Psycho-Analytic Theory
Engaging in play to reduce anxiety. ie: play therapy-
abused child uses doll to master situation.
Catharsis Theory
Play to release repressed thoughts, feelings, and
emotions. An outlet for aggression.
Diversion Theory
To amuse ourselves.
Compensation Theory
To play/recreate, to fulfill needs not met at work.
Surplus Energy
To get rid of excess energy.
cervical vertebrae
C1-C8 nerves control neck and upper limb sensation.
Injury Above C3
Can impair breathing; ventilator support likely needed.
, Quadriplegia
Total loss of movement and sensation in all limbs.
thoracic vertebrae
T1-T12 nerves affect thorax and abdomen functions.
Injury to T1 or Below
Preserves neck, shoulder, and arm movement.
T5 Injury Effects
Can impact balance and proprioception.
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5 nerves influence lower back and leg function.
sacral vertibrae
Control lower legs, pelvis, bowel, and bladder functions.
Intraindividual
Solo activity; action taking part in the individual's mind or
mind and part of body but no contact with another person
or external objects.
Extraindividual
Action directed by a person toward an object in the
environment, requiring no contact with another person.
Aggregate
Action directed by a person towards an object in the
environment while in the company of others also directed
towards an object. Action is not directed towards each
other and not participation between people is needed.
Interindividual
1:1 competition; action of a competitive nature directed by
one person towards another.
Unilateral
Action of a competitive nature among three or more
persons, one of whom is an antagonist or 'it'.
Multilateral
