BLD 204 EXAM #1 ACTUAL VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
LATEST UPDATE
LECTURE #1:
Composition of the cell membrane:
Phospholipids, Proteins, Cholesterol,
Three functions of the cell membrane:
Protection, Regulation, & Structure
Function of Mitochondria:
Carries out cellular respiration and yields ATP
Function of Lysosome:
Digests macromolecules and cellular debris
Function of Nucleus:
Control center of the cell, directs protein synthesis and contains the genetic material in
the form of DNA
Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Forms compartments and vesicles, synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids
Function of the Golgi Complex:
Packages proteins for export, forms secretory vesicles
Function of a Peroxisome:
,Degrade any toxic materials in the body
Function of the Microtubules:
Move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes using
attachment proteins
Function of Microfilaments:
Form a thin skeleton just inside plasma membranes called the cortical cytoskeleton to
provide stiffness, structure, and shape to the membrane
Function of Ribosomes:
Protein synthesis
Definition of Etiology vs. Pathogenesis
Etiology: the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
Pathogenesis: the manner of development of a disease
Hypertrophy
Increase of cell (organ) size in cells that cannot divide in response to stress
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells that are capable of division
Metaplasia
A reversible change: one adult cell is replaced by another; improves function in light of
stress
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size by loss of substance, may lose enough cells to effect the whole
organ -> loss of function
, Dysplasia
Increase of organs or tissue due to a proliferation of cells of an abnormal type,
Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ, usually due to a deficiency in the number of
cells
Homeostasis:
Balanced/Steady State
LECTURE #2:
Types of Cell Damage + Examples:
- Hypoxia: lack of O2
- Chemical Damage: substances that damage the cell via membrane damage (too much
of a good thing)
- Genetic Problems: congenital later mutations
- Physical Damage: any damage from the physical outside world
- Irradiation (physical)
- Infection
- Immune System Reactions: autoimmune, hypersensitivity, allergy, inflammation
- Aging: lack of ability to respond to stress
- Nutritional Causes: calorie deficiency obesity, poor nutrition
What occurs when ATP is depleted:
hypoxia, lack of nutrients, damage to the mitochondria, and some toxins
Four consequences of ATP depletion:
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
LATEST UPDATE
LECTURE #1:
Composition of the cell membrane:
Phospholipids, Proteins, Cholesterol,
Three functions of the cell membrane:
Protection, Regulation, & Structure
Function of Mitochondria:
Carries out cellular respiration and yields ATP
Function of Lysosome:
Digests macromolecules and cellular debris
Function of Nucleus:
Control center of the cell, directs protein synthesis and contains the genetic material in
the form of DNA
Function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum:
Forms compartments and vesicles, synthesis and modification of proteins and lipids
Function of the Golgi Complex:
Packages proteins for export, forms secretory vesicles
Function of a Peroxisome:
,Degrade any toxic materials in the body
Function of the Microtubules:
Move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes using
attachment proteins
Function of Microfilaments:
Form a thin skeleton just inside plasma membranes called the cortical cytoskeleton to
provide stiffness, structure, and shape to the membrane
Function of Ribosomes:
Protein synthesis
Definition of Etiology vs. Pathogenesis
Etiology: the cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
Pathogenesis: the manner of development of a disease
Hypertrophy
Increase of cell (organ) size in cells that cannot divide in response to stress
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells that are capable of division
Metaplasia
A reversible change: one adult cell is replaced by another; improves function in light of
stress
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size by loss of substance, may lose enough cells to effect the whole
organ -> loss of function
, Dysplasia
Increase of organs or tissue due to a proliferation of cells of an abnormal type,
Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of a tissue or organ, usually due to a deficiency in the number of
cells
Homeostasis:
Balanced/Steady State
LECTURE #2:
Types of Cell Damage + Examples:
- Hypoxia: lack of O2
- Chemical Damage: substances that damage the cell via membrane damage (too much
of a good thing)
- Genetic Problems: congenital later mutations
- Physical Damage: any damage from the physical outside world
- Irradiation (physical)
- Infection
- Immune System Reactions: autoimmune, hypersensitivity, allergy, inflammation
- Aging: lack of ability to respond to stress
- Nutritional Causes: calorie deficiency obesity, poor nutrition
What occurs when ATP is depleted:
hypoxia, lack of nutrients, damage to the mitochondria, and some toxins
Four consequences of ATP depletion:
