BLD 204 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Pathology
the study of disease, finding the causes, observing the change in cells, tissues and
organs and how the change gives rise to the signs and symptoms in patients
disease
at a cellular level this is injury or genetic error which causes structural and/or functional
changes which cause signs and symptoms. Structural and functional changes are often
related by even severe functional changes don't have to correspond to structural
change and structural changes can occur without significant functional problems.
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any
aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Good DNA,
functioning proteins, sound membrane, enough nutrients and oxygen
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia
what are normal adaptive responses to stress?
hypertrophy
increased cell (organ) size in response to stress. Increased workload on cells that can't
divide. EX: increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis
hyperplasia
,increase in number of cells. Cells are capable of division. EX: increase in the size of the
breasts during pregnancy, increase in thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle,
and liver growth after partial resection
atrophy
cells shrink by loss of cell substance. May lose enough cells to effect the whole organ.
Shrunken cells have diminished function but aren't dead. EX: diseases of the motor
nerves or diseases of the muscle tissue itself.
metaplasia
a reversible change of one adult cell type is replaced by another. Improves function in
light of stress. Increases risks. EX: cigarette smoke causes the mucus-secreting ciliated
pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial cells that line the airways to be replaced
by stratified squamous epithelium
Pathogenesis
mechanism of disease
diagnosis
identification of a disease
prognosis
a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation
theranosis
course of treatment
etiology
cause of disease
, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling and endocrine
signaling
types of cell signaling
endoplasmic reticulum
the site of synthesis of all transmembrane proteins and lipids needed for the assembly
of plasma membrane and cellular organelles, including the ER itself. It is also the initial
site of synthesis of all molecules destined for export out of the cel
hypoxia, chemical damage (toxins), genetic problems, physical damage,
irradiation, infection, immune system reactions, nutritional causes of disease,
aging
what are causes of cellular injury?
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency which causes damage to the cell, it could be caused by ischemia,
inadequate blood oxygenation or lower blood oxygen carrying capacity. We can't make
ATP if there is not enough O2
chemical damage "toxins"
cause of cell injury that is substances that cause damage to cells, often through
membrane damage. Can be caused by too much of a good thing, poisons, ethanol, air
pollutants and asbestos
genetic problems
cause of cell injury that is congenital or later mutations. Could be caused by inherited
defects or accumulation of damaged DNA or proteins
physical damage
SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Pathology
the study of disease, finding the causes, observing the change in cells, tissues and
organs and how the change gives rise to the signs and symptoms in patients
disease
at a cellular level this is injury or genetic error which causes structural and/or functional
changes which cause signs and symptoms. Structural and functional changes are often
related by even severe functional changes don't have to correspond to structural
change and structural changes can occur without significant functional problems.
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any
aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Good DNA,
functioning proteins, sound membrane, enough nutrients and oxygen
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia
what are normal adaptive responses to stress?
hypertrophy
increased cell (organ) size in response to stress. Increased workload on cells that can't
divide. EX: increase in the size of the heart due to aortic stenosis
hyperplasia
,increase in number of cells. Cells are capable of division. EX: increase in the size of the
breasts during pregnancy, increase in thickness of endometrium during menstrual cycle,
and liver growth after partial resection
atrophy
cells shrink by loss of cell substance. May lose enough cells to effect the whole organ.
Shrunken cells have diminished function but aren't dead. EX: diseases of the motor
nerves or diseases of the muscle tissue itself.
metaplasia
a reversible change of one adult cell type is replaced by another. Improves function in
light of stress. Increases risks. EX: cigarette smoke causes the mucus-secreting ciliated
pseudostratified columnar respiratory epithelial cells that line the airways to be replaced
by stratified squamous epithelium
Pathogenesis
mechanism of disease
diagnosis
identification of a disease
prognosis
a forecast of the probable course and outcome of a disease or situation
theranosis
course of treatment
etiology
cause of disease
, paracrine signaling, autocrine signaling, synaptic signaling and endocrine
signaling
types of cell signaling
endoplasmic reticulum
the site of synthesis of all transmembrane proteins and lipids needed for the assembly
of plasma membrane and cellular organelles, including the ER itself. It is also the initial
site of synthesis of all molecules destined for export out of the cel
hypoxia, chemical damage (toxins), genetic problems, physical damage,
irradiation, infection, immune system reactions, nutritional causes of disease,
aging
what are causes of cellular injury?
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency which causes damage to the cell, it could be caused by ischemia,
inadequate blood oxygenation or lower blood oxygen carrying capacity. We can't make
ATP if there is not enough O2
chemical damage "toxins"
cause of cell injury that is substances that cause damage to cells, often through
membrane damage. Can be caused by too much of a good thing, poisons, ethanol, air
pollutants and asbestos
genetic problems
cause of cell injury that is congenital or later mutations. Could be caused by inherited
defects or accumulation of damaged DNA or proteins
physical damage
