BLD 204 EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
GRADED A++
IgG
- neutralize toxins & opsonize bacteria
- monomer
- 70-80% of plasma Ig
- crosses placenta (mom to fetus)
IgM
- largest (pentamer)
- first after immunization
- 10 binding sites -- good for repeating epitopes
IgA
- dimer
- mucosa, tears, sweat
- stops bacteria & viruses from entering epithelium
IgE
-Fc binds to receptors on mast cells (release histamine & leukotrienes)
- calls eosinophils
- involved in hypersensitivity
,IgD
- present on some B cells
- helps with antigen recognition/activation with IgM
Innate Immunity Cytokines
- TNF
- IL-1
- chemokines
Adaptive Immunity Cytokines
- IL-2,-4,-5,-6,-10
- IFN-gamma
Hematopoiesos Cytokines
- IL-3
- GM-CSF
- G-CSF
- M-CSF
Isotype (Class) Switching
- Constant (C) region of heavy chain switches to different Ig
- VDJ stays the same, antigen specificity stays the same
- IgG (Th1)
- IgE (Th2)
- IgA
B Cell Activation: T Independent
,- multiple copies of antigen present close together and are engaged by multiple BCR
- stimulates proliferation of B cell line
- B cells differentiate to plasma cells & produce antibodies
B Cell Activation: T Dependent
- need CD4 T helper cells
-B cells act as APCS -> ingest and chopped up antigen and present on cell surface as
MHC II
- CD4+ T cells recognize on MHC II and produce cytokines that activate B cells
(CD40/B7 on T and CD40L/CD28 on B)
Cytokines for B Cell Proliferation
- IL-2, IL-4
Cytokines for B Cell Differentiation
- IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma
Antibody Functions
- neutralize bacteria & toxins
- opsonization
- ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
- activate complement
Type I Hypersensistivity
ALLERGY
- Th2, IgE, Mast cells
- First exposure: Th2 cells activated and class switch to IgE, IgE then binds to mast
cells via Fc region
, - Second exposure: antigen binds to IgE on mast cells and causes degranulation of
histamine, leukotriens, prostaglandins, mast cells also release IL-4,-5 (amplify IgE
response) and IL-13 (mucus release)
Cytokines that amplify IgE
- IL-4, IL-5
Type II Hypersensitivity
ANTIBODY MEDIATED
- antibody against tissue components
- antibody binds to epitope --> phagocytosis, complement activation, antibody
dependent dysfunction
Type II Hypersensitivity Outcomes
- immune hemolysis: hemolytic disease of newborns due to Rh
- drug-induced: drugs = carriers for hapten, unmask something an antibody can bind
- Grave's Disease: hyperthyroidism (antibodies bind to TSHR instead of TSH and cause
more thyroid activity/hormones)
Type III Hypersensitivity
AB/AG COMPLEXES
- complexes deposited in tissues
- causes inflammation (10 days after antigen or so) -- complement activation, vasoactive
amines, platelet aggregation
Type III Hypersensitivity Examples
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
GRADED A++
IgG
- neutralize toxins & opsonize bacteria
- monomer
- 70-80% of plasma Ig
- crosses placenta (mom to fetus)
IgM
- largest (pentamer)
- first after immunization
- 10 binding sites -- good for repeating epitopes
IgA
- dimer
- mucosa, tears, sweat
- stops bacteria & viruses from entering epithelium
IgE
-Fc binds to receptors on mast cells (release histamine & leukotrienes)
- calls eosinophils
- involved in hypersensitivity
,IgD
- present on some B cells
- helps with antigen recognition/activation with IgM
Innate Immunity Cytokines
- TNF
- IL-1
- chemokines
Adaptive Immunity Cytokines
- IL-2,-4,-5,-6,-10
- IFN-gamma
Hematopoiesos Cytokines
- IL-3
- GM-CSF
- G-CSF
- M-CSF
Isotype (Class) Switching
- Constant (C) region of heavy chain switches to different Ig
- VDJ stays the same, antigen specificity stays the same
- IgG (Th1)
- IgE (Th2)
- IgA
B Cell Activation: T Independent
,- multiple copies of antigen present close together and are engaged by multiple BCR
- stimulates proliferation of B cell line
- B cells differentiate to plasma cells & produce antibodies
B Cell Activation: T Dependent
- need CD4 T helper cells
-B cells act as APCS -> ingest and chopped up antigen and present on cell surface as
MHC II
- CD4+ T cells recognize on MHC II and produce cytokines that activate B cells
(CD40/B7 on T and CD40L/CD28 on B)
Cytokines for B Cell Proliferation
- IL-2, IL-4
Cytokines for B Cell Differentiation
- IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma
Antibody Functions
- neutralize bacteria & toxins
- opsonization
- ADCC (antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
- activate complement
Type I Hypersensistivity
ALLERGY
- Th2, IgE, Mast cells
- First exposure: Th2 cells activated and class switch to IgE, IgE then binds to mast
cells via Fc region
, - Second exposure: antigen binds to IgE on mast cells and causes degranulation of
histamine, leukotriens, prostaglandins, mast cells also release IL-4,-5 (amplify IgE
response) and IL-13 (mucus release)
Cytokines that amplify IgE
- IL-4, IL-5
Type II Hypersensitivity
ANTIBODY MEDIATED
- antibody against tissue components
- antibody binds to epitope --> phagocytosis, complement activation, antibody
dependent dysfunction
Type II Hypersensitivity Outcomes
- immune hemolysis: hemolytic disease of newborns due to Rh
- drug-induced: drugs = carriers for hapten, unmask something an antibody can bind
- Grave's Disease: hyperthyroidism (antibodies bind to TSHR instead of TSH and cause
more thyroid activity/hormones)
Type III Hypersensitivity
AB/AG COMPLEXES
- complexes deposited in tissues
- causes inflammation (10 days after antigen or so) -- complement activation, vasoactive
amines, platelet aggregation
Type III Hypersensitivity Examples
