BLD 204: EXAM 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Neoplasm
"New growth;" abnormal; mass of tissue; disorderly cells (proliferation, differentiation,
relationship to stroma - surrounding tissue like basement membrane, collagen, fibrin,
etc.)
Tumor
A neoplasm; clonal (progeny of one cell)
Carcinogenesis
Initiation of cancer formation
Oncology
Study of tumors
Fundamental Characteristics of All Cancers
Disorderly division, disorderly differentiation, disorder in environment
Disorderly Division
Cells become "immortal;" divide many more times than supposed to; mass of cells in
inappropriate number/location
Disorderly Differentiation
Fail to differentiate properly; often remain "stuck" in immature states; more immature =
worse outcome; immature/undifferentiated cells exhibit behaviors that they shouldn't
(ex: expressing fetal proteins/hormones)
,Disorder in Environment
Don't blend in; look out of place; benign masses expand into space where they don't
belong; malignant neoplasms spread into surrounding tissues and even to other parts of
body
Benign
Don't invade surrounding tissue; no metastasis; low growth rate; little mitosis (slow cell
turnover); some atrophy or surrounding tissue by pressure of mass; well-differentiated
cells (closely resemble normal counterparts
Malignant
Invade surrounding tissue; metastasis often in other tissues (ex: lung cancers
metastasize in brain); lots of mitosis/growth (once a day); damage to surrounding tissue;
surprisingly well-differentiated or completely undifferentiated (wide range); anaplastic if
tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells
Anaplasia
Poorly differentiated cells; immature cells; lose characteristics and orientation
Morphologic Changes of Anaplasia
Fail to differentiate properly; often remain "stuck" in immature states; more immature =
worse outcome; malignant; pleomorphic (variation in size/shape of cells/nuclei); nuclei
extremely hyperchromatic (dark-staining) and large; increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic
ratio; coarse chromatin; nuclei are variable and bizarre in size/shape; many/atypical
mitoses; fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another (lose
polarity); more rapidly growing = less likely to have specialized functional activity
Dysplasia
,Warning sign that malignancy is coming; common in epithelial tissues; "carcinoma in
situ" = whole depth of tissue is dysplastic
Hamartoma
Tumor-like mass; lacks autonomy (still functions with body); good differentiation; in right
organ; organization is different from normal; vascular most common
Heteroplasia
Differentiation of tissue is wrong for location; NOT METAPLASIA (no change from one
differentiated cell to another); happens at stem cell stage; a mass that doesn't belong
there; EX: tooth growing somewhere it doesn't belong; masses of various types or one
type of tissue; EX: choristoma
Choristoma
Congenital; example of heteroplasia
Papilloma
Epithelial cells growing in a sheet; squamous, transitional, or columnar
Adenoma
Solid islands/masses of cells; arise from duct/gland epithelium
Carcinoma
Origin: epithelium; malignant
Sarcoma
Origin: connective tissue (sub-dermis or skeletal); malignant; fibrin strands running
through them
Metaplasia
reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
, Every abnormal growth is cancerous
False
What is a sign that cancer might develop?
Dysplasia
Carcinomas arise from
Epithelial tissue
Normal Cell Adaptations to Stress
Hyperplasia (#), hypertrophy (size), atrophy
Hyperplasia
Need for more tissue --> body makes more cells; response to increased functional
need; controlled by negative feedback mechanisms; cells maybe BIGGER
EX1: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia = early manifestation; masculinization of females;
early puberty for males; salt loss; adrenal glands on top of kidneys are defective
(decreased cortisol/aldosterone --> increased adrenocorticopic hormone from pituitary --
> make more adrenal cells (which still don't work) --> build up precursors of hormones
get used for steroid production instead
EX2: Thyroid Hyperplasia (goiter) = abnormal stimuli and problems with feedback for
TSH; low T3/T4 --> pituitary gland makes more TSH --> more hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Cells get bigger; usually stimulus is identifiable
EX: uterus during pregnancy, bladder when urine outflow is obstructed, heart with
increased workload
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
Neoplasm
"New growth;" abnormal; mass of tissue; disorderly cells (proliferation, differentiation,
relationship to stroma - surrounding tissue like basement membrane, collagen, fibrin,
etc.)
Tumor
A neoplasm; clonal (progeny of one cell)
Carcinogenesis
Initiation of cancer formation
Oncology
Study of tumors
Fundamental Characteristics of All Cancers
Disorderly division, disorderly differentiation, disorder in environment
Disorderly Division
Cells become "immortal;" divide many more times than supposed to; mass of cells in
inappropriate number/location
Disorderly Differentiation
Fail to differentiate properly; often remain "stuck" in immature states; more immature =
worse outcome; immature/undifferentiated cells exhibit behaviors that they shouldn't
(ex: expressing fetal proteins/hormones)
,Disorder in Environment
Don't blend in; look out of place; benign masses expand into space where they don't
belong; malignant neoplasms spread into surrounding tissues and even to other parts of
body
Benign
Don't invade surrounding tissue; no metastasis; low growth rate; little mitosis (slow cell
turnover); some atrophy or surrounding tissue by pressure of mass; well-differentiated
cells (closely resemble normal counterparts
Malignant
Invade surrounding tissue; metastasis often in other tissues (ex: lung cancers
metastasize in brain); lots of mitosis/growth (once a day); damage to surrounding tissue;
surprisingly well-differentiated or completely undifferentiated (wide range); anaplastic if
tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells
Anaplasia
Poorly differentiated cells; immature cells; lose characteristics and orientation
Morphologic Changes of Anaplasia
Fail to differentiate properly; often remain "stuck" in immature states; more immature =
worse outcome; malignant; pleomorphic (variation in size/shape of cells/nuclei); nuclei
extremely hyperchromatic (dark-staining) and large; increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic
ratio; coarse chromatin; nuclei are variable and bizarre in size/shape; many/atypical
mitoses; fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another (lose
polarity); more rapidly growing = less likely to have specialized functional activity
Dysplasia
,Warning sign that malignancy is coming; common in epithelial tissues; "carcinoma in
situ" = whole depth of tissue is dysplastic
Hamartoma
Tumor-like mass; lacks autonomy (still functions with body); good differentiation; in right
organ; organization is different from normal; vascular most common
Heteroplasia
Differentiation of tissue is wrong for location; NOT METAPLASIA (no change from one
differentiated cell to another); happens at stem cell stage; a mass that doesn't belong
there; EX: tooth growing somewhere it doesn't belong; masses of various types or one
type of tissue; EX: choristoma
Choristoma
Congenital; example of heteroplasia
Papilloma
Epithelial cells growing in a sheet; squamous, transitional, or columnar
Adenoma
Solid islands/masses of cells; arise from duct/gland epithelium
Carcinoma
Origin: epithelium; malignant
Sarcoma
Origin: connective tissue (sub-dermis or skeletal); malignant; fibrin strands running
through them
Metaplasia
reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
, Every abnormal growth is cancerous
False
What is a sign that cancer might develop?
Dysplasia
Carcinomas arise from
Epithelial tissue
Normal Cell Adaptations to Stress
Hyperplasia (#), hypertrophy (size), atrophy
Hyperplasia
Need for more tissue --> body makes more cells; response to increased functional
need; controlled by negative feedback mechanisms; cells maybe BIGGER
EX1: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia = early manifestation; masculinization of females;
early puberty for males; salt loss; adrenal glands on top of kidneys are defective
(decreased cortisol/aldosterone --> increased adrenocorticopic hormone from pituitary --
> make more adrenal cells (which still don't work) --> build up precursors of hormones
get used for steroid production instead
EX2: Thyroid Hyperplasia (goiter) = abnormal stimuli and problems with feedback for
TSH; low T3/T4 --> pituitary gland makes more TSH --> more hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Cells get bigger; usually stimulus is identifiable
EX: uterus during pregnancy, bladder when urine outflow is obstructed, heart with
increased workload
