BLD 204 CANCER AND GENETICS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
What is tumor progression?
Over a period of time, many tumors become more aggressive and resistant to treatment
over time
What is the process cancers go through that leads to tumor progression?
Darwinian selection
What are the three main characteristics of Darwinian selection?
1. Immune and non-immune selective pressures acting on cancer cells
2. Subclass that bear advantageous mutations outcompete those who do not
3. Tumors that recur are more aggressive and more resistant to treatment
What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are primary targets of
genetic damage that lead to neoplastic changes?
1. Growth-promoting oncogenes
2. Growth-Inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
3. Genes that regulate apoptosis
4. Genes that are involved in DNA repair
Describe what happens when growth-promoting oncogenes are targeted?
When mutated there is either more activity or they are over expressed
, What are the two types of growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes?
Governors and guardians
What occurs when there is a mutation in a governor?
Mutation removes an important stop mechanism
What is an example of a governor?
RB
What does the mutation of a governor cause you to lose?
You lose RB meaning you lose the G1-S checkpoint
What is the job of the guardians?
Produce proteins that act as sensors of genomic damage
What is an example of a guardian?
p53 gene
What does the mutation of a guardian cause you to lose?
p53
What does the loss of p53 cause?
The cell doesn't know anything is wrong and continues on in the cell cycle
What do gene that regulate apoptosis do?
Act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
Give an example of a gene that regulates apoptosis
BCL2
What does BCL2 do?
Regulates apoptosis by controlling BAX and BAK
What is the general concept in balanced translocations?
ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
What is tumor progression?
Over a period of time, many tumors become more aggressive and resistant to treatment
over time
What is the process cancers go through that leads to tumor progression?
Darwinian selection
What are the three main characteristics of Darwinian selection?
1. Immune and non-immune selective pressures acting on cancer cells
2. Subclass that bear advantageous mutations outcompete those who do not
3. Tumors that recur are more aggressive and more resistant to treatment
What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are primary targets of
genetic damage that lead to neoplastic changes?
1. Growth-promoting oncogenes
2. Growth-Inhibiting tumor suppressor genes
3. Genes that regulate apoptosis
4. Genes that are involved in DNA repair
Describe what happens when growth-promoting oncogenes are targeted?
When mutated there is either more activity or they are over expressed
, What are the two types of growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes?
Governors and guardians
What occurs when there is a mutation in a governor?
Mutation removes an important stop mechanism
What is an example of a governor?
RB
What does the mutation of a governor cause you to lose?
You lose RB meaning you lose the G1-S checkpoint
What is the job of the guardians?
Produce proteins that act as sensors of genomic damage
What is an example of a guardian?
p53 gene
What does the mutation of a guardian cause you to lose?
p53
What does the loss of p53 cause?
The cell doesn't know anything is wrong and continues on in the cell cycle
What do gene that regulate apoptosis do?
Act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
Give an example of a gene that regulates apoptosis
BCL2
What does BCL2 do?
Regulates apoptosis by controlling BAX and BAK
What is the general concept in balanced translocations?
